Insight into the Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Contaminated Soil Incubated with Corn Cob-Derived Biochar and Apatite
Soil heavy metal contamination is a severe issue. The detrimental impact of contaminated heavy metals on the ecosystem depends on the chemical form of heavy metals. Biochar produced at 400 °C (CB400) and 600 °C (CB600) from corn cob was applied to remediate Pb and Zn in contaminated soil. After a on...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/5/2225 |
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| author | Truong Xuan Vuong Joseph Stephen Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen Viet Cao Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham |
| author_facet | Truong Xuan Vuong Joseph Stephen Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen Viet Cao Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham |
| author_sort | Truong Xuan Vuong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil heavy metal contamination is a severe issue. The detrimental impact of contaminated heavy metals on the ecosystem depends on the chemical form of heavy metals. Biochar produced at 400 °C (CB400) and 600 °C (CB600) from corn cob was applied to remediate Pb and Zn in contaminated soil. After a one month amendment with biochar (CB400 and CB600) and apatite (AP) with the ratio of 3%, 5%, 10%, and 3:3% and 5:5% of the weight of biochar and apatite, the untreated and treated soil were extracted using Tessier’s sequence extraction procedure. The five chemical fractions of the Tessier procedure were the exchangeable fraction (F1), carbonate fraction (F2), Fe/Mn oxide fraction (F3), organic matter (F4), and residual fraction (F5). The concentration of heavy metals in the five chemical fractions was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The results showed that the total concentration of Pb and Zn in the soil was 3023.70 ± 98.60 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> and 2034.33 ± 35.41 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. These figures were 15.12 and 6.78 times higher than the limit standard set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA 2010), indicating the high level of contamination of Pb and Zn in the studied soil. The treated soil’s pH, OC, and EC increased significantly compared to the untreated soil (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The chemical fraction of Pb and Zn was in the descending sequence of F2 (67%) > F5 (13%) > F1 (10%) > F3 (9%) > F4 (1%) and F2~F3 (28%) > F5 (27%) > F1 (16%) > F4 (0.4%), respectively. The amendment of BC400, BC600, and apatite significantly reduced the exchangeable fraction of Pb and Zn and increased the other stable fractions including F3, F4, and F5, especially at the rate of 10% of biochar and a combination of 5:5% of biochar and apatite. The effects of CB400 and CB600 on the reduction in the exchangeable fraction of Pb and Zn were almost the same (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The results showed that CB400, CB600, and the mixture of these biochars with apatite applied at 5% or 10% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) could immobilize lead and zinc in soil and reduce the threat to the surrounding environment. Therefore, biochar derived from corn cob and apatite could be promising materials for immobilizing heavy metals in multiple-contaminated soil. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:16:10Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:16:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-0e8464d31e9c4472898f8acf9e0f41ad2023-11-17T08:13:42ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-02-01285222510.3390/molecules28052225Insight into the Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Contaminated Soil Incubated with Corn Cob-Derived Biochar and ApatiteTruong Xuan Vuong0Joseph Stephen1Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen2Viet Cao3Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham4Faculty of Chemistry, TNU-University of Science, Thai Nguyen City 24000, VietnamSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, AustraliaFaculty of Chemistry, TNU-University of Science, Thai Nguyen City 24000, VietnamFaculty of Natural Sciences, Hung Vuong University, Viet Tri City 35120, VietnamNTT Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, VietnamSoil heavy metal contamination is a severe issue. The detrimental impact of contaminated heavy metals on the ecosystem depends on the chemical form of heavy metals. Biochar produced at 400 °C (CB400) and 600 °C (CB600) from corn cob was applied to remediate Pb and Zn in contaminated soil. After a one month amendment with biochar (CB400 and CB600) and apatite (AP) with the ratio of 3%, 5%, 10%, and 3:3% and 5:5% of the weight of biochar and apatite, the untreated and treated soil were extracted using Tessier’s sequence extraction procedure. The five chemical fractions of the Tessier procedure were the exchangeable fraction (F1), carbonate fraction (F2), Fe/Mn oxide fraction (F3), organic matter (F4), and residual fraction (F5). The concentration of heavy metals in the five chemical fractions was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The results showed that the total concentration of Pb and Zn in the soil was 3023.70 ± 98.60 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> and 2034.33 ± 35.41 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. These figures were 15.12 and 6.78 times higher than the limit standard set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA 2010), indicating the high level of contamination of Pb and Zn in the studied soil. The treated soil’s pH, OC, and EC increased significantly compared to the untreated soil (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The chemical fraction of Pb and Zn was in the descending sequence of F2 (67%) > F5 (13%) > F1 (10%) > F3 (9%) > F4 (1%) and F2~F3 (28%) > F5 (27%) > F1 (16%) > F4 (0.4%), respectively. The amendment of BC400, BC600, and apatite significantly reduced the exchangeable fraction of Pb and Zn and increased the other stable fractions including F3, F4, and F5, especially at the rate of 10% of biochar and a combination of 5:5% of biochar and apatite. The effects of CB400 and CB600 on the reduction in the exchangeable fraction of Pb and Zn were almost the same (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The results showed that CB400, CB600, and the mixture of these biochars with apatite applied at 5% or 10% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) could immobilize lead and zinc in soil and reduce the threat to the surrounding environment. Therefore, biochar derived from corn cob and apatite could be promising materials for immobilizing heavy metals in multiple-contaminated soil.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/5/2225metal remediationchemical fractionheavy metal pollution |
| spellingShingle | Truong Xuan Vuong Joseph Stephen Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen Viet Cao Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham Insight into the Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Contaminated Soil Incubated with Corn Cob-Derived Biochar and Apatite Molecules metal remediation chemical fraction heavy metal pollution |
| title | Insight into the Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Contaminated Soil Incubated with Corn Cob-Derived Biochar and Apatite |
| title_full | Insight into the Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Contaminated Soil Incubated with Corn Cob-Derived Biochar and Apatite |
| title_fullStr | Insight into the Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Contaminated Soil Incubated with Corn Cob-Derived Biochar and Apatite |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insight into the Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Contaminated Soil Incubated with Corn Cob-Derived Biochar and Apatite |
| title_short | Insight into the Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Contaminated Soil Incubated with Corn Cob-Derived Biochar and Apatite |
| title_sort | insight into the speciation of heavy metals in the contaminated soil incubated with corn cob derived biochar and apatite |
| topic | metal remediation chemical fraction heavy metal pollution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/5/2225 |
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