Osmotic Stress Responses, Cell Wall Integrity, and Conidiation Are Regulated by a Histidine Kinase Sensor in <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i>
<i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> responds to various environmental stressors through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Tmk3 and MAPK-kinase Pbs2 signaling pathways. In fungi, orthologues to Tmk3 are regulated by a histidine kinase (HK) sensor. However, the role of <i>T. atro...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/9/939 |
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| author | Gabriela Calcáneo-Hernández Fidel Landeros-Jaime José Antonio Cervantes-Chávez Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo |
| author_facet | Gabriela Calcáneo-Hernández Fidel Landeros-Jaime José Antonio Cervantes-Chávez Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo |
| author_sort | Gabriela Calcáneo-Hernández |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> responds to various environmental stressors through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Tmk3 and MAPK-kinase Pbs2 signaling pathways. In fungi, orthologues to Tmk3 are regulated by a histidine kinase (HK) sensor. However, the role of <i>T. atroviride</i> HKs remains unknown. In this regard, the function of the <i>T. atroviride</i> HK Nik1 was analyzed in response to stressors regulated by Tmk3. The growth of the Δ<i>nik1</i> mutant strains was compromised under hyperosmotic stress; mycelia were less resistant to lysing enzymes than the WT strain, while conidia of Δ<i>nik1</i> were more sensitive to Congo red; however, ∆<i>pbs2</i> and ∆<i>tmk3</i> strains showed a more drastic defect in cell wall stability. Light-regulated <i>blu1</i> and <i>grg2</i> gene expression was induced upon an osmotic shock through Pbs2-Tmk3 but was independent of Nik1. The encoding chitin synthases <i>chs1</i> and <i>chs2</i> genes were downregulated after an osmotic shock in the WT, but <i>chs1</i> and <i>chs3</i> expression were enhanced in ∆<i>nik1</i>, ∆<i>pbs2</i>, and ∆<i>tmk3</i>. The vegetative growth and conidiation by light decreased in ∆<i>nik1</i>, although Nik1 was unrequired to activate the light-responsive genes by Tmk3. Altogether, Nik1 regulates responses related to the Pbs2-Tmk3 pathway and suggests the participation of additional HKs to respond to stress. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:34:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0eb7c5e7524c4a14af5a45aca932a7fa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:34:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
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| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-0eb7c5e7524c4a14af5a45aca932a7fa2023-11-19T11:29:24ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2023-09-019993910.3390/jof9090939Osmotic Stress Responses, Cell Wall Integrity, and Conidiation Are Regulated by a Histidine Kinase Sensor in <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i>Gabriela Calcáneo-Hernández0Fidel Landeros-Jaime1José Antonio Cervantes-Chávez2Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza3Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo4Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, MexicoUnit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, MexicoUnit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, MexicoFaculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New ZealandUnit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico<i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> responds to various environmental stressors through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Tmk3 and MAPK-kinase Pbs2 signaling pathways. In fungi, orthologues to Tmk3 are regulated by a histidine kinase (HK) sensor. However, the role of <i>T. atroviride</i> HKs remains unknown. In this regard, the function of the <i>T. atroviride</i> HK Nik1 was analyzed in response to stressors regulated by Tmk3. The growth of the Δ<i>nik1</i> mutant strains was compromised under hyperosmotic stress; mycelia were less resistant to lysing enzymes than the WT strain, while conidia of Δ<i>nik1</i> were more sensitive to Congo red; however, ∆<i>pbs2</i> and ∆<i>tmk3</i> strains showed a more drastic defect in cell wall stability. Light-regulated <i>blu1</i> and <i>grg2</i> gene expression was induced upon an osmotic shock through Pbs2-Tmk3 but was independent of Nik1. The encoding chitin synthases <i>chs1</i> and <i>chs2</i> genes were downregulated after an osmotic shock in the WT, but <i>chs1</i> and <i>chs3</i> expression were enhanced in ∆<i>nik1</i>, ∆<i>pbs2</i>, and ∆<i>tmk3</i>. The vegetative growth and conidiation by light decreased in ∆<i>nik1</i>, although Nik1 was unrequired to activate the light-responsive genes by Tmk3. Altogether, Nik1 regulates responses related to the Pbs2-Tmk3 pathway and suggests the participation of additional HKs to respond to stress.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/9/939sporulationcell wall integrityhistidine kinasestress cellularMAPK signaling |
| spellingShingle | Gabriela Calcáneo-Hernández Fidel Landeros-Jaime José Antonio Cervantes-Chávez Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo Osmotic Stress Responses, Cell Wall Integrity, and Conidiation Are Regulated by a Histidine Kinase Sensor in <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> Journal of Fungi sporulation cell wall integrity histidine kinase stress cellular MAPK signaling |
| title | Osmotic Stress Responses, Cell Wall Integrity, and Conidiation Are Regulated by a Histidine Kinase Sensor in <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> |
| title_full | Osmotic Stress Responses, Cell Wall Integrity, and Conidiation Are Regulated by a Histidine Kinase Sensor in <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> |
| title_fullStr | Osmotic Stress Responses, Cell Wall Integrity, and Conidiation Are Regulated by a Histidine Kinase Sensor in <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Osmotic Stress Responses, Cell Wall Integrity, and Conidiation Are Regulated by a Histidine Kinase Sensor in <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> |
| title_short | Osmotic Stress Responses, Cell Wall Integrity, and Conidiation Are Regulated by a Histidine Kinase Sensor in <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> |
| title_sort | osmotic stress responses cell wall integrity and conidiation are regulated by a histidine kinase sensor in i trichoderma atroviride i |
| topic | sporulation cell wall integrity histidine kinase stress cellular MAPK signaling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/9/939 |
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