Tumor Microenvironment, Clinical Features, and Advances in Therapy for Bone Metastasis in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant neoplasms worldwide, accounting for about 770,000 deaths in 2020. The incidence of gastric cancer bone metastasis (GC-BM) is low, about 0.9–13.4%, and GC patients develop GC-BM because of a suitable bone microenvironment. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/19/4888 |
| _version_ | 1797480104167735296 |
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| author | Pengcheng Sun Samuel O. Antwi Kurt Sartorius Xiao Zheng Xiaodong Li |
| author_facet | Pengcheng Sun Samuel O. Antwi Kurt Sartorius Xiao Zheng Xiaodong Li |
| author_sort | Pengcheng Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant neoplasms worldwide, accounting for about 770,000 deaths in 2020. The incidence of gastric cancer bone metastasis (GC-BM) is low, about 0.9–13.4%, and GC patients develop GC-BM because of a suitable bone microenvironment. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and tumor cells interact with each other, secreting cytokines such as PTHrP, RANK-L, IL-6, and other growth factors that disrupt the normal bone balance and promote tumor growth. The functions and numbers of immune cells in the bone microenvironment are continuously inhibited, resulting in bone balance disorder due to the cytokines released from destroyed bone and growing tumor cells. Patients with GC-BM are generally younger than 65 years old and they often present with a later stage of the disease, as well as more aggressive tumors. They usually have shorter overall survival (OS) because of the occurrence of skeletal-related events (SREs) and undetected bone destruction due to the untimely bone inspection. Current treatments of GC-BM focus mainly on gastric cancer and SRE-related treatment. This article reviews the clinical features, possible molecular pathogeneses, and the most commonly used diagnostic methods and treatments of bone metastasis in gastric cancer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:55:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0eca933dab474ebdbde2e7795b8036af |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:55:22Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-0eca933dab474ebdbde2e7795b8036af2023-11-23T19:58:23ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942022-10-011419488810.3390/cancers14194888Tumor Microenvironment, Clinical Features, and Advances in Therapy for Bone Metastasis in Gastric CancerPengcheng Sun0Samuel O. Antwi1Kurt Sartorius2Xiao Zheng3Xiaodong Li4Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, ChinaDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USAThe Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium (AHPBCC), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USADepartment of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, ChinaDepartment of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, ChinaGastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant neoplasms worldwide, accounting for about 770,000 deaths in 2020. The incidence of gastric cancer bone metastasis (GC-BM) is low, about 0.9–13.4%, and GC patients develop GC-BM because of a suitable bone microenvironment. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and tumor cells interact with each other, secreting cytokines such as PTHrP, RANK-L, IL-6, and other growth factors that disrupt the normal bone balance and promote tumor growth. The functions and numbers of immune cells in the bone microenvironment are continuously inhibited, resulting in bone balance disorder due to the cytokines released from destroyed bone and growing tumor cells. Patients with GC-BM are generally younger than 65 years old and they often present with a later stage of the disease, as well as more aggressive tumors. They usually have shorter overall survival (OS) because of the occurrence of skeletal-related events (SREs) and undetected bone destruction due to the untimely bone inspection. Current treatments of GC-BM focus mainly on gastric cancer and SRE-related treatment. This article reviews the clinical features, possible molecular pathogeneses, and the most commonly used diagnostic methods and treatments of bone metastasis in gastric cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/19/4888gastric cancerbone metastasisbone microenvironmentclinical featuresskeletal-related eventstreatment regimens |
| spellingShingle | Pengcheng Sun Samuel O. Antwi Kurt Sartorius Xiao Zheng Xiaodong Li Tumor Microenvironment, Clinical Features, and Advances in Therapy for Bone Metastasis in Gastric Cancer Cancers gastric cancer bone metastasis bone microenvironment clinical features skeletal-related events treatment regimens |
| title | Tumor Microenvironment, Clinical Features, and Advances in Therapy for Bone Metastasis in Gastric Cancer |
| title_full | Tumor Microenvironment, Clinical Features, and Advances in Therapy for Bone Metastasis in Gastric Cancer |
| title_fullStr | Tumor Microenvironment, Clinical Features, and Advances in Therapy for Bone Metastasis in Gastric Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tumor Microenvironment, Clinical Features, and Advances in Therapy for Bone Metastasis in Gastric Cancer |
| title_short | Tumor Microenvironment, Clinical Features, and Advances in Therapy for Bone Metastasis in Gastric Cancer |
| title_sort | tumor microenvironment clinical features and advances in therapy for bone metastasis in gastric cancer |
| topic | gastric cancer bone metastasis bone microenvironment clinical features skeletal-related events treatment regimens |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/19/4888 |
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