Measuring the Multi-Scale Landscape Pattern of China’s Largest Archipelago from a Dual-3D Perspective Based on Remote Sensing
Measuring the landscape pattern from a three-dimensional perspective is of great significance for comprehensively revealing the complex spatial characteristics of island ecosystems. However, the archipelago composed of rocky islands has received little attention as its three-dimensional landscape ch...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/24/5627 |
| _version_ | 1797379471316090880 |
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| author | Yubing Qu Yuan Chi Jianhua Gao Zhiwei Zhang Zhenhang Liu Ya-Ping Wang |
| author_facet | Yubing Qu Yuan Chi Jianhua Gao Zhiwei Zhang Zhenhang Liu Ya-Ping Wang |
| author_sort | Yubing Qu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Measuring the landscape pattern from a three-dimensional perspective is of great significance for comprehensively revealing the complex spatial characteristics of island ecosystems. However, the archipelago composed of rocky islands has received little attention as its three-dimensional landscape characteristics are difficult to quantify. This study took the largest archipelago in China, the Zhoushan Archipelago, as the study area and constructed an island landscape pattern evaluation model from a dual-three-dimensional (dual-3D) perspective. The model divided the island into upper and lower layers, namely the surface landscape based on topography and the landscape elements above the surface (i.e., vegetation and buildings), and then evaluated their landscape patterns from a three-dimensional perspective, respectively. The landscape pattern model based on a dual-3D perspective and multiple scales achieved excellent results in the archipelago. First, the island landscape pattern was evaluated from three-dimensional perspectives, including human interference, landscape fragmentation, vegetation space, and building space. Second, landscape indices such as the human interference three-dimensional index (HITI), the landscape fragmentation three-dimensional index (LFTI), the vegetation three-dimensional index (VTI), and the building three-dimensional index (BTI) established at multiple spatial scales revealed spatial heterogeneity within and between islands. Environmental factors such as elevation, slope, and island area exhibited significant correlations with them. There were significant differences in landscape pattern indices between the two-dimensional (2D) and the three-dimensional (3D) perspectives, and high values were mainly distributed in areas with significant topographic changes and larger islands. In addition, as the evaluation unit increased, the landscape indices increased, and HITI became more responsive to the transitions from 2D to 3D, while LFTI was the opposite. Therefore, the multiscale landscape pattern measurement of China’s largest archipelago based on high-resolution remote sensing was carried out from three-dimensional perspectives to accurately reveal the spatial heterogeneity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:23:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0f192e56235649d78288015c86e41f25 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:23:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-0f192e56235649d78288015c86e41f252023-12-22T14:38:46ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-12-011524562710.3390/rs15245627Measuring the Multi-Scale Landscape Pattern of China’s Largest Archipelago from a Dual-3D Perspective Based on Remote SensingYubing Qu0Yuan Chi1Jianhua Gao2Zhiwei Zhang3Zhenhang Liu4Ya-Ping Wang5Key Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No.6, Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, ChinaKey Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No.6, Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, ChinaSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaKey Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No.6, Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, ChinaKey Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No.6, Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, ChinaSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaMeasuring the landscape pattern from a three-dimensional perspective is of great significance for comprehensively revealing the complex spatial characteristics of island ecosystems. However, the archipelago composed of rocky islands has received little attention as its three-dimensional landscape characteristics are difficult to quantify. This study took the largest archipelago in China, the Zhoushan Archipelago, as the study area and constructed an island landscape pattern evaluation model from a dual-three-dimensional (dual-3D) perspective. The model divided the island into upper and lower layers, namely the surface landscape based on topography and the landscape elements above the surface (i.e., vegetation and buildings), and then evaluated their landscape patterns from a three-dimensional perspective, respectively. The landscape pattern model based on a dual-3D perspective and multiple scales achieved excellent results in the archipelago. First, the island landscape pattern was evaluated from three-dimensional perspectives, including human interference, landscape fragmentation, vegetation space, and building space. Second, landscape indices such as the human interference three-dimensional index (HITI), the landscape fragmentation three-dimensional index (LFTI), the vegetation three-dimensional index (VTI), and the building three-dimensional index (BTI) established at multiple spatial scales revealed spatial heterogeneity within and between islands. Environmental factors such as elevation, slope, and island area exhibited significant correlations with them. There were significant differences in landscape pattern indices between the two-dimensional (2D) and the three-dimensional (3D) perspectives, and high values were mainly distributed in areas with significant topographic changes and larger islands. In addition, as the evaluation unit increased, the landscape indices increased, and HITI became more responsive to the transitions from 2D to 3D, while LFTI was the opposite. Therefore, the multiscale landscape pattern measurement of China’s largest archipelago based on high-resolution remote sensing was carried out from three-dimensional perspectives to accurately reveal the spatial heterogeneity.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/24/5627Island landscape patternZhoushan Archipelagodual-3Dmulti-scalespatial heterogeneity |
| spellingShingle | Yubing Qu Yuan Chi Jianhua Gao Zhiwei Zhang Zhenhang Liu Ya-Ping Wang Measuring the Multi-Scale Landscape Pattern of China’s Largest Archipelago from a Dual-3D Perspective Based on Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Island landscape pattern Zhoushan Archipelago dual-3D multi-scale spatial heterogeneity |
| title | Measuring the Multi-Scale Landscape Pattern of China’s Largest Archipelago from a Dual-3D Perspective Based on Remote Sensing |
| title_full | Measuring the Multi-Scale Landscape Pattern of China’s Largest Archipelago from a Dual-3D Perspective Based on Remote Sensing |
| title_fullStr | Measuring the Multi-Scale Landscape Pattern of China’s Largest Archipelago from a Dual-3D Perspective Based on Remote Sensing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Measuring the Multi-Scale Landscape Pattern of China’s Largest Archipelago from a Dual-3D Perspective Based on Remote Sensing |
| title_short | Measuring the Multi-Scale Landscape Pattern of China’s Largest Archipelago from a Dual-3D Perspective Based on Remote Sensing |
| title_sort | measuring the multi scale landscape pattern of china s largest archipelago from a dual 3d perspective based on remote sensing |
| topic | Island landscape pattern Zhoushan Archipelago dual-3D multi-scale spatial heterogeneity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/24/5627 |
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