Acidity Quantification and Structure Analysis of Amide-AlCl<sub>3</sub> Liquid Coordination Complexes for C<sub>4</sub> Alkylation Catalysis

Liquid coordination complexes (LCCs), which are formed between metal halides and donor molecules, represent promising catalysts. Six amide-AlCl<sub>3</sub> LCCs were successfully synthesized, followed by their characterization through NMR, Raman, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The acidity...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hao Li, Qiong Wu, Ying Liu, Jinrong Bao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2023-11-01
Series:Molecules
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/23/7857
Description
Summary:Liquid coordination complexes (LCCs), which are formed between metal halides and donor molecules, represent promising catalysts. Six amide-AlCl<sub>3</sub> LCCs were successfully synthesized, followed by their characterization through NMR, Raman, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The acidity of these LCCs was quantified by performing computational modelling of fluoride ion affinities (FIA) and experimental Gutmann–Beckett measurements. Spectroscopic analysis indicated bidentate coordination between amide ligands and Al, which induced asymmetric splitting of Al<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub> into diverse ions such as [AlCl<sub>2</sub>L<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup>, [AlCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup>, [AlCl<sub>3</sub>L], and [Al<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>L]. The computed FIA was found to align well with the experimental acidity trends, thereby confirming the proposed structure of the LCC. In the alkylation tests, the LCC with a high acidity demonstrated an increase in the yields of C<sub>5</sub>-C<sub>7</sub> alkylates. These results provide an in-depth understanding of the tuneable structures of amide-AlCl<sub>3</sub> LCCs. The acidity of LCCs can be controlled by tuning the ratio of the organic ligand to AlCl<sub>3</sub>, which allows bidentate coordination to facilitate asymmetric splitting of Al<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>. The LCCs demonstrate a high degree of potential as versatile and sustainable acid catalysts in alkylation reactions. These findings may advance the foundational knowledge of LCCs for the purpose of targeted acid catalyst design.
ISSN:1420-3049