Reduced Degradation of the Herbicide 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA) in Soil Induced by the Fungicide Mixture Mancozeb, Metalaxyl-M, and Chlorothalonil Used in Tank Mixtures and Spray Series
Pesticides are extensively used in agriculture to prevent infestation of crops, control plant-associated diseases and pests, and increase crop productivity. With regards to typical agricultural practice, tank mixing of two or more plant protection products or the subsequent applications of herbicide...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Soil Systems |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8789/6/4/94 |
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| author | Kim Thu Nguyen Kilian E. C. Smith Richard Ottermanns Christiaan Wijntjes Joost T. van Dongen Andreas Schäffer |
| author_facet | Kim Thu Nguyen Kilian E. C. Smith Richard Ottermanns Christiaan Wijntjes Joost T. van Dongen Andreas Schäffer |
| author_sort | Kim Thu Nguyen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pesticides are extensively used in agriculture to prevent infestation of crops, control plant-associated diseases and pests, and increase crop productivity. With regards to typical agricultural practice, tank mixing of two or more plant protection products or the subsequent applications of herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides are common application strategies to improve pest control. Our study provides evidence that the fungicide mixture consisting of mancozeb, metalaxyl-M, and chlorothalonil, each applied according to their recommended field rates, retarded the degradation of the phenoxy herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MPCA) in soil. MCPA dissipation times were between 1.6 and 1.9 days without and 2.5–3.5 days with co-applied fungicides. Furthermore, the proportions of extractable residues, non-extractable residues, mineralization, volatile organic compounds, and MPCA metabolism were altered by the fungicide mixture, i.e., considerably lower amounts of the main transformation product of MCPA, 4-chloro-2-methylphenol, were formed. The effects induced by the fungicides persisted throughout the experiment. Our results demonstrate that the current situation of considering individual active substances in the authorization process for plant protection products could lead to a discrepancy in the exposure assessment for humans and the environment. For specifically these cases, this calls into question whether the legally required level of protection is provided. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:50:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0f4c3f1e9ca64d5eac35e18d92712a01 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2571-8789 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:50:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Soil Systems |
| spelling | doaj.art-0f4c3f1e9ca64d5eac35e18d92712a012023-11-24T18:03:29ZengMDPI AGSoil Systems2571-87892022-12-01649410.3390/soilsystems6040094Reduced Degradation of the Herbicide 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA) in Soil Induced by the Fungicide Mixture Mancozeb, Metalaxyl-M, and Chlorothalonil Used in Tank Mixtures and Spray SeriesKim Thu Nguyen0Kilian E. C. Smith1Richard Ottermanns2Christiaan Wijntjes3Joost T. van Dongen4Andreas Schäffer5Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, GermanyInstitute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, GermanyInstitute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, GermanyInstitute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, GermanyMolecular Ecology of the Rhizosphere, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, GermanyInstitute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, GermanyPesticides are extensively used in agriculture to prevent infestation of crops, control plant-associated diseases and pests, and increase crop productivity. With regards to typical agricultural practice, tank mixing of two or more plant protection products or the subsequent applications of herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides are common application strategies to improve pest control. Our study provides evidence that the fungicide mixture consisting of mancozeb, metalaxyl-M, and chlorothalonil, each applied according to their recommended field rates, retarded the degradation of the phenoxy herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MPCA) in soil. MCPA dissipation times were between 1.6 and 1.9 days without and 2.5–3.5 days with co-applied fungicides. Furthermore, the proportions of extractable residues, non-extractable residues, mineralization, volatile organic compounds, and MPCA metabolism were altered by the fungicide mixture, i.e., considerably lower amounts of the main transformation product of MCPA, 4-chloro-2-methylphenol, were formed. The effects induced by the fungicides persisted throughout the experiment. Our results demonstrate that the current situation of considering individual active substances in the authorization process for plant protection products could lead to a discrepancy in the exposure assessment for humans and the environment. For specifically these cases, this calls into question whether the legally required level of protection is provided.https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8789/6/4/94dissipation time (DT<sub>50</sub>)MCPAfungicide mixturesmancozebmetalaxyl-Mchlorothalonil |
| spellingShingle | Kim Thu Nguyen Kilian E. C. Smith Richard Ottermanns Christiaan Wijntjes Joost T. van Dongen Andreas Schäffer Reduced Degradation of the Herbicide 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA) in Soil Induced by the Fungicide Mixture Mancozeb, Metalaxyl-M, and Chlorothalonil Used in Tank Mixtures and Spray Series Soil Systems dissipation time (DT<sub>50</sub>) MCPA fungicide mixtures mancozeb metalaxyl-M chlorothalonil |
| title | Reduced Degradation of the Herbicide 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA) in Soil Induced by the Fungicide Mixture Mancozeb, Metalaxyl-M, and Chlorothalonil Used in Tank Mixtures and Spray Series |
| title_full | Reduced Degradation of the Herbicide 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA) in Soil Induced by the Fungicide Mixture Mancozeb, Metalaxyl-M, and Chlorothalonil Used in Tank Mixtures and Spray Series |
| title_fullStr | Reduced Degradation of the Herbicide 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA) in Soil Induced by the Fungicide Mixture Mancozeb, Metalaxyl-M, and Chlorothalonil Used in Tank Mixtures and Spray Series |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reduced Degradation of the Herbicide 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA) in Soil Induced by the Fungicide Mixture Mancozeb, Metalaxyl-M, and Chlorothalonil Used in Tank Mixtures and Spray Series |
| title_short | Reduced Degradation of the Herbicide 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA) in Soil Induced by the Fungicide Mixture Mancozeb, Metalaxyl-M, and Chlorothalonil Used in Tank Mixtures and Spray Series |
| title_sort | reduced degradation of the herbicide 4 chloro 2 methylphenoxyacetic acid mcpa in soil induced by the fungicide mixture mancozeb metalaxyl m and chlorothalonil used in tank mixtures and spray series |
| topic | dissipation time (DT<sub>50</sub>) MCPA fungicide mixtures mancozeb metalaxyl-M chlorothalonil |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8789/6/4/94 |
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