Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, Pakistan
Rural poultry constitutes 56% of the total poultry population in Pakistan; however, epidemiological information about avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in backyard poultry flocks is lacking. A cross-sectional survey of villages of Lahore district was conducted from July 2009 to August 2009 using two-st...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-03-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.631164/full |
| _version_ | 1818416903899578368 |
|---|---|
| author | Mamoona Chaudhry Mamoona Chaudhry Hamad Bin Rashid Michael Thrusfield Mark C. Eisler Susan C. Welburn Susan C. Welburn |
| author_facet | Mamoona Chaudhry Mamoona Chaudhry Hamad Bin Rashid Michael Thrusfield Mark C. Eisler Susan C. Welburn Susan C. Welburn |
| author_sort | Mamoona Chaudhry |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rural poultry constitutes 56% of the total poultry population in Pakistan; however, epidemiological information about avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in backyard poultry flocks is lacking. A cross-sectional survey of villages of Lahore district was conducted from July 2009 to August 2009 using two-stage cluster sampling and probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling to estimate seroprevalence and its associated risk factors. A random selection of 35 clusters from 308 villages of Lahore were considered, and from each cluster, six chickens aged >2 months were selected. A total of 210 serum samples were collected and examined by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for specific antibodies against AIV subtypes H5, H7, and H9. Overall weighted seroprevalence for AIVs was 65.2% (95% CI: 55.6–74.8%), and for subtype H5, H7 & H9 was 6.9% (95% CI: 10.8–23.0%), 0% (95% CI: 0–1.7%), and 62.0% (95% CI: 52.2–71.8%) respectively. However, none of the samples were positive for H7. The average flock size was 17.3 birds, and the main purpose of keeping poultry was for eggs/meat (70.6%, 95% CI: 59.7–81.4). A majority of them were reared in a semi-caged system (83%, 95% CI: 74.5–91.3). Backyard birds were received from different sources, that is, purchased from the market or received as a gift from friends or any NGO, and were 5.7 times more likely to become avian influenza (AI) seropositive than those that were not exposed to these sources (CI 95%: 2.0–716.0). Backyard birds which were received from different sources, that is, purchased from the market or received from friends or any NGO, were 5.7 times more likely to become AI seropositive compared to those that were not (CI 95%: 2.5–18.7). To reduce the risk of AIV in Pakistan, continuous surveillance of backyard poultry would be needed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T11:58:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0f5b284f25fb44c9b98b39a84ada6410 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T11:58:17Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-0f5b284f25fb44c9b98b39a84ada64102022-12-21T23:02:04ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692021-03-01810.3389/fvets.2021.631164631164Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, PakistanMamoona Chaudhry0Mamoona Chaudhry1Hamad Bin Rashid2Michael Thrusfield3Mark C. Eisler4Susan C. Welburn5Susan C. Welburn6Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomDeptarment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, PakistanDeptarment of Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, PakistanRoyal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh-Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, United KingdomBristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United KingdomInfection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomZhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, ChinaRural poultry constitutes 56% of the total poultry population in Pakistan; however, epidemiological information about avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in backyard poultry flocks is lacking. A cross-sectional survey of villages of Lahore district was conducted from July 2009 to August 2009 using two-stage cluster sampling and probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling to estimate seroprevalence and its associated risk factors. A random selection of 35 clusters from 308 villages of Lahore were considered, and from each cluster, six chickens aged >2 months were selected. A total of 210 serum samples were collected and examined by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for specific antibodies against AIV subtypes H5, H7, and H9. Overall weighted seroprevalence for AIVs was 65.2% (95% CI: 55.6–74.8%), and for subtype H5, H7 & H9 was 6.9% (95% CI: 10.8–23.0%), 0% (95% CI: 0–1.7%), and 62.0% (95% CI: 52.2–71.8%) respectively. However, none of the samples were positive for H7. The average flock size was 17.3 birds, and the main purpose of keeping poultry was for eggs/meat (70.6%, 95% CI: 59.7–81.4). A majority of them were reared in a semi-caged system (83%, 95% CI: 74.5–91.3). Backyard birds were received from different sources, that is, purchased from the market or received as a gift from friends or any NGO, and were 5.7 times more likely to become avian influenza (AI) seropositive than those that were not exposed to these sources (CI 95%: 2.0–716.0). Backyard birds which were received from different sources, that is, purchased from the market or received from friends or any NGO, were 5.7 times more likely to become AI seropositive compared to those that were not (CI 95%: 2.5–18.7). To reduce the risk of AIV in Pakistan, continuous surveillance of backyard poultry would be needed.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.631164/fullavian influenzabackyardpoultryH9sero-prevalencerisk factors |
| spellingShingle | Mamoona Chaudhry Mamoona Chaudhry Hamad Bin Rashid Michael Thrusfield Mark C. Eisler Susan C. Welburn Susan C. Welburn Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, Pakistan Frontiers in Veterinary Science avian influenza backyard poultry H9 sero-prevalence risk factors |
| title | Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, Pakistan |
| title_full | Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, Pakistan |
| title_short | Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, Pakistan |
| title_sort | serosurvey of avian influenza viruses h5 h7 and h9 and associated risk factors in backyard poultry flocks of lahore district pakistan |
| topic | avian influenza backyard poultry H9 sero-prevalence risk factors |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.631164/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mamoonachaudhry serosurveyofavianinfluenzavirusesh5h7andh9andassociatedriskfactorsinbackyardpoultryflocksoflahoredistrictpakistan AT mamoonachaudhry serosurveyofavianinfluenzavirusesh5h7andh9andassociatedriskfactorsinbackyardpoultryflocksoflahoredistrictpakistan AT hamadbinrashid serosurveyofavianinfluenzavirusesh5h7andh9andassociatedriskfactorsinbackyardpoultryflocksoflahoredistrictpakistan AT michaelthrusfield serosurveyofavianinfluenzavirusesh5h7andh9andassociatedriskfactorsinbackyardpoultryflocksoflahoredistrictpakistan AT markceisler serosurveyofavianinfluenzavirusesh5h7andh9andassociatedriskfactorsinbackyardpoultryflocksoflahoredistrictpakistan AT susancwelburn serosurveyofavianinfluenzavirusesh5h7andh9andassociatedriskfactorsinbackyardpoultryflocksoflahoredistrictpakistan AT susancwelburn serosurveyofavianinfluenzavirusesh5h7andh9andassociatedriskfactorsinbackyardpoultryflocksoflahoredistrictpakistan |