Old and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Hyperglycemia, an Important Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis
Hyperglycemia is considered one of the main risk factors for atherosclerosis, since high glucose levels trigger multiple pathological processes, such as oxidative stress and hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators, leading to endothelial dysfunction. In this context, recently approved drugs, s...
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/4/2336 |
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| author | Milijana Janjusevic Alessandra Lucia Fluca Giulia Gagno Alessandro Pierri Laura Padoan Annamaria Sorrentino Antonio Paolo Beltrami Gianfranco Sinagra Aneta Aleksova |
| author_facet | Milijana Janjusevic Alessandra Lucia Fluca Giulia Gagno Alessandro Pierri Laura Padoan Annamaria Sorrentino Antonio Paolo Beltrami Gianfranco Sinagra Aneta Aleksova |
| author_sort | Milijana Janjusevic |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hyperglycemia is considered one of the main risk factors for atherosclerosis, since high glucose levels trigger multiple pathological processes, such as oxidative stress and hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators, leading to endothelial dysfunction. In this context, recently approved drugs, such as glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), could be considered a powerful tool for to reduce glucose concentration and cardiovascular risk. Interestingly, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance have been found to be deficient in vitamin D. Recent studies pointed out the unfavorable prognostic values of T2DM and vitamin D deficiency in patients with cardiac dysfunction, either when considered individually or together, which shed light on the role of vitamin D in general health status. New evidence suggests that SGLT2i could adversely affect the production of vitamin D, thereby increasing the risk of fractures, which are common in patients with T2DM. Therefore, given the biological effects of vitamin D as an anti-inflammatory mediator and a regulator of endothelial function and calcium equilibrium, these new findings should be taken into consideration as well. The aim of this review is to gather the latest advancements regarding the use of antidiabetic and antiplatelet drugs coupled with vitamin D supplementation to control glucose levels, therefore reducing the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:42:44Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:42:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-0f78d7c07b01477c9031a59472977e5c2023-11-23T20:23:51ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-02-01234233610.3390/ijms23042336Old and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Hyperglycemia, an Important Risk Factor for AtherosclerosisMilijana Janjusevic0Alessandra Lucia Fluca1Giulia Gagno2Alessandro Pierri3Laura Padoan4Annamaria Sorrentino5Antonio Paolo Beltrami6Gianfranco Sinagra7Aneta Aleksova8Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Deparment of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, ItalyCardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Deparment of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, ItalyCardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Deparment of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, ItalyCardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Deparment of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, ItalyCardiology and Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Maria Della Misericordia, 06156 Perugia, ItalyCardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Deparment of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, ItalyDepartment of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, ItalyCardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Deparment of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, ItalyCardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Deparment of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, ItalyHyperglycemia is considered one of the main risk factors for atherosclerosis, since high glucose levels trigger multiple pathological processes, such as oxidative stress and hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators, leading to endothelial dysfunction. In this context, recently approved drugs, such as glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), could be considered a powerful tool for to reduce glucose concentration and cardiovascular risk. Interestingly, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance have been found to be deficient in vitamin D. Recent studies pointed out the unfavorable prognostic values of T2DM and vitamin D deficiency in patients with cardiac dysfunction, either when considered individually or together, which shed light on the role of vitamin D in general health status. New evidence suggests that SGLT2i could adversely affect the production of vitamin D, thereby increasing the risk of fractures, which are common in patients with T2DM. Therefore, given the biological effects of vitamin D as an anti-inflammatory mediator and a regulator of endothelial function and calcium equilibrium, these new findings should be taken into consideration as well. The aim of this review is to gather the latest advancements regarding the use of antidiabetic and antiplatelet drugs coupled with vitamin D supplementation to control glucose levels, therefore reducing the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/4/2336hyperglycemiadiabetes mellitusglucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs)sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)hypovitaminosis Dendothelial dysfunction |
| spellingShingle | Milijana Janjusevic Alessandra Lucia Fluca Giulia Gagno Alessandro Pierri Laura Padoan Annamaria Sorrentino Antonio Paolo Beltrami Gianfranco Sinagra Aneta Aleksova Old and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Hyperglycemia, an Important Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis International Journal of Molecular Sciences hyperglycemia diabetes mellitus glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) hypovitaminosis D endothelial dysfunction |
| title | Old and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Hyperglycemia, an Important Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis |
| title_full | Old and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Hyperglycemia, an Important Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis |
| title_fullStr | Old and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Hyperglycemia, an Important Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Old and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Hyperglycemia, an Important Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis |
| title_short | Old and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Hyperglycemia, an Important Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis |
| title_sort | old and novel therapeutic approaches in the management of hyperglycemia an important risk factor for atherosclerosis |
| topic | hyperglycemia diabetes mellitus glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) hypovitaminosis D endothelial dysfunction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/4/2336 |
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