Illumination of the Spatial Order of Intracellular pH by Genetically Encoded pH-Sensitive Sensors
Fluorescent proteins have been extensively used for engineering genetically encoded sensors that can monitor levels of ions, enzyme activities, redox potential, and metabolites. Certain fluorescent proteins possess specific pH-dependent spectroscopic features, and thus can be used as indicators of i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2013-12-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/16736 |
| _version_ | 1798003466469113856 |
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| author | Mojca Benčina |
| author_facet | Mojca Benčina |
| author_sort | Mojca Benčina |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fluorescent proteins have been extensively used for engineering genetically encoded sensors that can monitor levels of ions, enzyme activities, redox potential, and metabolites. Certain fluorescent proteins possess specific pH-dependent spectroscopic features, and thus can be used as indicators of intracellular pH. Moreover, concatenated pH-sensitive proteins with target proteins pin the pH sensors to a definite location within the cell, compartment, or tissue. This study provides an overview of the continually expanding family of pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins that have become essential tools for studies of pH homeostasis and cell physiology. We describe and discuss the design of intensity-based and ratiometric pH sensors, their spectral properties and pH-dependency, as well as their performance. Finally, we illustrate some examples of the applications of pH sensors targeted at different subcellular compartments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:08:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0f89c337eecc4d73a38582c5399c122f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:08:05Z |
| publishDate | 2013-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-0f89c337eecc4d73a38582c5399c122f2022-12-22T04:24:40ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202013-12-011312167361675810.3390/s131216736s131216736Illumination of the Spatial Order of Intracellular pH by Genetically Encoded pH-Sensitive SensorsMojca Benčina0Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaFluorescent proteins have been extensively used for engineering genetically encoded sensors that can monitor levels of ions, enzyme activities, redox potential, and metabolites. Certain fluorescent proteins possess specific pH-dependent spectroscopic features, and thus can be used as indicators of intracellular pH. Moreover, concatenated pH-sensitive proteins with target proteins pin the pH sensors to a definite location within the cell, compartment, or tissue. This study provides an overview of the continually expanding family of pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins that have become essential tools for studies of pH homeostasis and cell physiology. We describe and discuss the design of intensity-based and ratiometric pH sensors, their spectral properties and pH-dependency, as well as their performance. Finally, we illustrate some examples of the applications of pH sensors targeted at different subcellular compartments.http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/16736pH homeostasisintensity-based pH-sensitive sensorratiometric transgene pH indicatorflow cytometrymicroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Mojca Benčina Illumination of the Spatial Order of Intracellular pH by Genetically Encoded pH-Sensitive Sensors Sensors pH homeostasis intensity-based pH-sensitive sensor ratiometric transgene pH indicator flow cytometry microscopy |
| title | Illumination of the Spatial Order of Intracellular pH by Genetically Encoded pH-Sensitive Sensors |
| title_full | Illumination of the Spatial Order of Intracellular pH by Genetically Encoded pH-Sensitive Sensors |
| title_fullStr | Illumination of the Spatial Order of Intracellular pH by Genetically Encoded pH-Sensitive Sensors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Illumination of the Spatial Order of Intracellular pH by Genetically Encoded pH-Sensitive Sensors |
| title_short | Illumination of the Spatial Order of Intracellular pH by Genetically Encoded pH-Sensitive Sensors |
| title_sort | illumination of the spatial order of intracellular ph by genetically encoded ph sensitive sensors |
| topic | pH homeostasis intensity-based pH-sensitive sensor ratiometric transgene pH indicator flow cytometry microscopy |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/16736 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mojcabencina illuminationofthespatialorderofintracellularphbygeneticallyencodedphsensitivesensors |