Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases
Inflammation is an integral part of defense against most infectious diseases. These pathogen-induced immune responses are in very many instances strongly influenced by host’s sex. As a consequence, sexual dimorphisms were observed in susceptibility to many infectious diseases. They are pathogen dose...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.712688/full |
| _version_ | 1818938344086700032 |
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| author | Marie Lipoldová Peter Demant |
| author_facet | Marie Lipoldová Peter Demant |
| author_sort | Marie Lipoldová |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Inflammation is an integral part of defense against most infectious diseases. These pathogen-induced immune responses are in very many instances strongly influenced by host’s sex. As a consequence, sexual dimorphisms were observed in susceptibility to many infectious diseases. They are pathogen dose-dependent, and their outcomes depend on pathogen and even on its species or subspecies. Sex may differentially affect pathology of various organs and its influence is modified by interaction of host’s hormonal status and genotype: sex chromosomes X and Y, as well as autosomal genes. In this Mini Review we summarize the major influences of sex in human infections and subsequently focus on 22 autosomal genes/loci that modify in a sex-dependent way the response to infectious diseases in mouse models. These genes have been observed to influence susceptibility to viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and worms. Some sex-dependent genes/loci affect susceptibility only in females or only in males, affect both sexes, but have stronger effect in one sex; still other genes were shown to affect the disease in both sexes, but with opposite direction of effect in females and males. The understanding of mechanisms of sex-dependent differences in the course of infectious diseases may be relevant for their personalized management. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T06:06:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0fa9ed26b2d444bd9b5b1df96dca1855 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T06:06:21Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-0fa9ed26b2d444bd9b5b1df96dca18552022-12-21T19:50:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242021-10-011210.3389/fimmu.2021.712688712688Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious DiseasesMarie Lipoldová0Peter Demant1Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, CzechiaDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United StatesInflammation is an integral part of defense against most infectious diseases. These pathogen-induced immune responses are in very many instances strongly influenced by host’s sex. As a consequence, sexual dimorphisms were observed in susceptibility to many infectious diseases. They are pathogen dose-dependent, and their outcomes depend on pathogen and even on its species or subspecies. Sex may differentially affect pathology of various organs and its influence is modified by interaction of host’s hormonal status and genotype: sex chromosomes X and Y, as well as autosomal genes. In this Mini Review we summarize the major influences of sex in human infections and subsequently focus on 22 autosomal genes/loci that modify in a sex-dependent way the response to infectious diseases in mouse models. These genes have been observed to influence susceptibility to viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and worms. Some sex-dependent genes/loci affect susceptibility only in females or only in males, affect both sexes, but have stronger effect in one sex; still other genes were shown to affect the disease in both sexes, but with opposite direction of effect in females and males. The understanding of mechanisms of sex-dependent differences in the course of infectious diseases may be relevant for their personalized management.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.712688/fullsex-biassex-dependent genemouse modelsusceptibility to infectionsex influenceviruses |
| spellingShingle | Marie Lipoldová Peter Demant Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases Frontiers in Immunology sex-bias sex-dependent gene mouse model susceptibility to infection sex influence viruses |
| title | Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases |
| title_full | Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases |
| title_short | Gene-Specific Sex Effects on Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases |
| title_sort | gene specific sex effects on susceptibility to infectious diseases |
| topic | sex-bias sex-dependent gene mouse model susceptibility to infection sex influence viruses |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.712688/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marielipoldova genespecificsexeffectsonsusceptibilitytoinfectiousdiseases AT peterdemant genespecificsexeffectsonsusceptibilitytoinfectiousdiseases |