Chlorpyrifos Removal in an Artificially Contaminated Soil Using Novel Bacterial Strains and Cyclodextrin. Evaluation of Its Effectiveness by Ecotoxicity Studies
The removal of chlorpyrifos (CLP) from the environment is a matter of general interest, because it is one of the most widely used insecticides in the world but presents a high toxicity and persistence in the environment. Biological strategies are considered as a good option to remediate different en...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/8/1971 |
| _version_ | 1797432549065097216 |
|---|---|
| author | Alba Lara-Moreno Esmeralda Morillo Francisco Merchán Fernando Madrid Jaime Villaverde |
| author_facet | Alba Lara-Moreno Esmeralda Morillo Francisco Merchán Fernando Madrid Jaime Villaverde |
| author_sort | Alba Lara-Moreno |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The removal of chlorpyrifos (CLP) from the environment is a matter of general interest, because it is one of the most widely used insecticides in the world but presents a high toxicity and persistence in the environment. Biological strategies are considered as a good option to remediate different environmental compartments. Assisted natural attenuation was used to find the ability of different kinds of soils to mineralise CLP. In this way, two soils showed the capacity to degrade CLP (R and LL up to 47.3% and 61.4% after 100 d, respectively). Thus, two CLP-degrading strains, <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> CCLP1 and <i>Bacillus safensis</i> CCLP2 were isolated from them, showing the capacity to degrade up to 99.1 and 98.9% of CLP in a solution with an initial concentration of 10 mg L<sup>−1</sup> after 60 d. Different strategies were considered for increasing the effectiveness of soil bioremediation: (i) biostimulation, using a nutrients solution (NS); (ii) bioaugmentation, using <i>B. megaterium</i> CCLP1 or <i>B. safensis</i> CCLP2; (iii) bioavailability enhancement, using randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB), a biodegradable compound. When bioaugmentation and RAMEB were jointly inoculated and applied, the best biodegradation results were achieved (around 70%). At the end of the biodegradation assay, a toxicity test was used to check the final state of the bioremediated soil, observing that when the degrading strains studied were individually inoculated into the soil, the toxicity was reduced to undetectable levels. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:02:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0fced1d9a30240b1aad608575cd13040 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:02:09Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-0fced1d9a30240b1aad608575cd130402023-12-01T23:18:42ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-08-01128197110.3390/agronomy12081971Chlorpyrifos Removal in an Artificially Contaminated Soil Using Novel Bacterial Strains and Cyclodextrin. Evaluation of Its Effectiveness by Ecotoxicity StudiesAlba Lara-Moreno0Esmeralda Morillo1Francisco Merchán2Fernando Madrid3Jaime Villaverde4Department of Agrochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Soil Conservation, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), 41012 Seville, SpainDepartment of Agrochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Soil Conservation, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), 41012 Seville, SpainDepartment of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, SpainDepartment of Agrochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Soil Conservation, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), 41012 Seville, SpainDepartment of Agrochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Soil Conservation, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), 41012 Seville, SpainThe removal of chlorpyrifos (CLP) from the environment is a matter of general interest, because it is one of the most widely used insecticides in the world but presents a high toxicity and persistence in the environment. Biological strategies are considered as a good option to remediate different environmental compartments. Assisted natural attenuation was used to find the ability of different kinds of soils to mineralise CLP. In this way, two soils showed the capacity to degrade CLP (R and LL up to 47.3% and 61.4% after 100 d, respectively). Thus, two CLP-degrading strains, <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> CCLP1 and <i>Bacillus safensis</i> CCLP2 were isolated from them, showing the capacity to degrade up to 99.1 and 98.9% of CLP in a solution with an initial concentration of 10 mg L<sup>−1</sup> after 60 d. Different strategies were considered for increasing the effectiveness of soil bioremediation: (i) biostimulation, using a nutrients solution (NS); (ii) bioaugmentation, using <i>B. megaterium</i> CCLP1 or <i>B. safensis</i> CCLP2; (iii) bioavailability enhancement, using randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB), a biodegradable compound. When bioaugmentation and RAMEB were jointly inoculated and applied, the best biodegradation results were achieved (around 70%). At the end of the biodegradation assay, a toxicity test was used to check the final state of the bioremediated soil, observing that when the degrading strains studied were individually inoculated into the soil, the toxicity was reduced to undetectable levels.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/8/1971chlorpyrifosbioremediation<i>Bacillus</i>RAMEBecotoxicology |
| spellingShingle | Alba Lara-Moreno Esmeralda Morillo Francisco Merchán Fernando Madrid Jaime Villaverde Chlorpyrifos Removal in an Artificially Contaminated Soil Using Novel Bacterial Strains and Cyclodextrin. Evaluation of Its Effectiveness by Ecotoxicity Studies Agronomy chlorpyrifos bioremediation <i>Bacillus</i> RAMEB ecotoxicology |
| title | Chlorpyrifos Removal in an Artificially Contaminated Soil Using Novel Bacterial Strains and Cyclodextrin. Evaluation of Its Effectiveness by Ecotoxicity Studies |
| title_full | Chlorpyrifos Removal in an Artificially Contaminated Soil Using Novel Bacterial Strains and Cyclodextrin. Evaluation of Its Effectiveness by Ecotoxicity Studies |
| title_fullStr | Chlorpyrifos Removal in an Artificially Contaminated Soil Using Novel Bacterial Strains and Cyclodextrin. Evaluation of Its Effectiveness by Ecotoxicity Studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chlorpyrifos Removal in an Artificially Contaminated Soil Using Novel Bacterial Strains and Cyclodextrin. Evaluation of Its Effectiveness by Ecotoxicity Studies |
| title_short | Chlorpyrifos Removal in an Artificially Contaminated Soil Using Novel Bacterial Strains and Cyclodextrin. Evaluation of Its Effectiveness by Ecotoxicity Studies |
| title_sort | chlorpyrifos removal in an artificially contaminated soil using novel bacterial strains and cyclodextrin evaluation of its effectiveness by ecotoxicity studies |
| topic | chlorpyrifos bioremediation <i>Bacillus</i> RAMEB ecotoxicology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/8/1971 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT albalaramoreno chlorpyrifosremovalinanartificiallycontaminatedsoilusingnovelbacterialstrainsandcyclodextrinevaluationofitseffectivenessbyecotoxicitystudies AT esmeraldamorillo chlorpyrifosremovalinanartificiallycontaminatedsoilusingnovelbacterialstrainsandcyclodextrinevaluationofitseffectivenessbyecotoxicitystudies AT franciscomerchan chlorpyrifosremovalinanartificiallycontaminatedsoilusingnovelbacterialstrainsandcyclodextrinevaluationofitseffectivenessbyecotoxicitystudies AT fernandomadrid chlorpyrifosremovalinanartificiallycontaminatedsoilusingnovelbacterialstrainsandcyclodextrinevaluationofitseffectivenessbyecotoxicitystudies AT jaimevillaverde chlorpyrifosremovalinanartificiallycontaminatedsoilusingnovelbacterialstrainsandcyclodextrinevaluationofitseffectivenessbyecotoxicitystudies |