Tea Grounds as a Waste Biofiller for Natural Rubber
The aim of this study was the utilization of ground tea waste (GT) left after brewing black tea as a biofiller in natural rubber (NR) composites. Ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate and 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, often used to extract phytochemicals from tea, w...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/7/1516 |
| _version_ | 1797212340422180864 |
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| author | Aleksandra Juszkiewicz Magdalena Maciejewska |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Juszkiewicz Magdalena Maciejewska |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Juszkiewicz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this study was the utilization of ground tea waste (GT) left after brewing black tea as a biofiller in natural rubber (NR) composites. Ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate and 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, often used to extract phytochemicals from tea, were applied to improve the dispersibility of GT particles in the elastomeric matrix. The influence of GT loading and ILs on curing characteristics, crosslink density, mechanical properties, thermal stability and resistance of NR composites to thermo-oxidative aging was investigated. The amount of GT did not significantly affect curing characteristics and crosslink density of NR composites, but had serious impact on tensile properties. Applying 10 phr of GT improved the tensile strength by 40% compared to unfilled NR. Further increasing GT content worsened the tensile strength due to the agglomeration of biofiller in the elastomer matrix. ILs significantly improved the dispersion of GT particles in the elastomer and increased the crosslink density by 20% compared to the benchmark. Owing to the poor thermal stability of pure GT, it reduced the thermal stability of vulcanizates compared to unfilled NR. Above all, GT-filled NR exhibited enhanced resistance to thermo-oxidation since the aging factor increased by 25% compared to the unfilled vulcanizate. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:40:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-101612bc98d94282824697cf2a96ebf0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:40:50Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-101612bc98d94282824697cf2a96ebf02024-04-12T13:21:52ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442024-03-01177151610.3390/ma17071516Tea Grounds as a Waste Biofiller for Natural RubberAleksandra Juszkiewicz0Magdalena Maciejewska1Department of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, PolandThe aim of this study was the utilization of ground tea waste (GT) left after brewing black tea as a biofiller in natural rubber (NR) composites. Ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate and 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, often used to extract phytochemicals from tea, were applied to improve the dispersibility of GT particles in the elastomeric matrix. The influence of GT loading and ILs on curing characteristics, crosslink density, mechanical properties, thermal stability and resistance of NR composites to thermo-oxidative aging was investigated. The amount of GT did not significantly affect curing characteristics and crosslink density of NR composites, but had serious impact on tensile properties. Applying 10 phr of GT improved the tensile strength by 40% compared to unfilled NR. Further increasing GT content worsened the tensile strength due to the agglomeration of biofiller in the elastomer matrix. ILs significantly improved the dispersion of GT particles in the elastomer and increased the crosslink density by 20% compared to the benchmark. Owing to the poor thermal stability of pure GT, it reduced the thermal stability of vulcanizates compared to unfilled NR. Above all, GT-filled NR exhibited enhanced resistance to thermo-oxidation since the aging factor increased by 25% compared to the unfilled vulcanizate.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/7/1516tea groundsnatural rubbertea wastebiofillerionic liquids |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Juszkiewicz Magdalena Maciejewska Tea Grounds as a Waste Biofiller for Natural Rubber Materials tea grounds natural rubber tea waste biofiller ionic liquids |
| title | Tea Grounds as a Waste Biofiller for Natural Rubber |
| title_full | Tea Grounds as a Waste Biofiller for Natural Rubber |
| title_fullStr | Tea Grounds as a Waste Biofiller for Natural Rubber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tea Grounds as a Waste Biofiller for Natural Rubber |
| title_short | Tea Grounds as a Waste Biofiller for Natural Rubber |
| title_sort | tea grounds as a waste biofiller for natural rubber |
| topic | tea grounds natural rubber tea waste biofiller ionic liquids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/7/1516 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT aleksandrajuszkiewicz teagroundsasawastebiofillerfornaturalrubber AT magdalenamaciejewska teagroundsasawastebiofillerfornaturalrubber |