Multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation on a saline lake in the Atacama Desert
<p>We investigate how evaporation changes depending on the scales in the Altiplano region of the Atacama Desert. More specifically, we focus on the temporal evolution from the climatological to the sub-diurnal scales on a high-altitude saline lake ecosystem. We analyze the evaporation trends o...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| Online Access: | https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/3709/2022/hess-26-3709-2022.pdf |
| _version_ | 1811291425388625920 |
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| author | F. Lobos-Roco F. Lobos-Roco O. Hartogensis F. Suárez F. Suárez F. Suárez A. Huerta-Viso I. Benedict A. de la Fuente J. Vilà-Guerau de Arellano |
| author_facet | F. Lobos-Roco F. Lobos-Roco O. Hartogensis F. Suárez F. Suárez F. Suárez A. Huerta-Viso I. Benedict A. de la Fuente J. Vilà-Guerau de Arellano |
| author_sort | F. Lobos-Roco |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>We investigate how evaporation changes depending on the scales in the Altiplano region of the Atacama Desert. More specifically, we focus on the temporal evolution from the climatological to the sub-diurnal scales on a high-altitude saline lake ecosystem. We analyze the evaporation trends over 70 years (1950–2020) at a high-spatial resolution. The method is based on the downscaling of 30 km ERA5 reanalysis data at hourly resolution to 0.1 km spatial resolution data, using artificial neural networks to analyze the main drivers of evaporation. To this end, we use the Penman open-water evaporation equation, modified to compensate for the energy balance non-closure and the ice cover formation on the lake during the night. Our estimation of the hourly climatology of evaporation shows a consistent agreement with eddy-covariance (EC) measurements and reveals that evaporation is controlled by different drivers depending on the time scale. At the sub-diurnal scale, mechanical turbulence is the primary driver of evaporation, and at this scale, it is not radiation-limited. At the seasonal scale, more than 70 % of the evaporation variability is explained by the radiative contribution term. At the same scale, and using a large-scale moisture tracking model, we identify the main sources of moisture to the Chilean Altiplano. In all cases, our regime of precipitation is controlled by large-scale weather patterns closely linked to climatological fluctuations. Moreover, seasonal evaporation significantly influences the saline lake surface spatial changes. From an interannual scale perspective, evaporation increased by 2.1 <span class="inline-formula">mm yr<sup>−1</sup></span> during the entire study period, according to global temperature increases. Finally, we find that yearly evaporation depends on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), where warm and cool ENSO phases are associated with higher evaporation and precipitation rates, respectively. Our results show that warm ENSO phases increase evaporation rates by 15 %, whereas cold phases decrease it by 2 %.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T04:29:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-10290bdec28046daafae2e6a3cdb7d1d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1027-5606 1607-7938 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T04:29:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-10290bdec28046daafae2e6a3cdb7d1d2022-12-22T03:02:22ZengCopernicus PublicationsHydrology and Earth System Sciences1027-56061607-79382022-07-01263709372910.5194/hess-26-3709-2022Multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation on a saline lake in the Atacama DesertF. Lobos-Roco0F. Lobos-Roco1O. Hartogensis2F. Suárez3F. Suárez4F. Suárez5A. Huerta-Viso6I. Benedict7A. de la Fuente8J. Vilà-Guerau de Arellano9Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileMeteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, ChileCentro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), Santiago, ChileCentro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes (CEGA), Santiago, ChileMeteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the NetherlandsMeteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the NetherlandsDepartment of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, ChileMeteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands<p>We investigate how evaporation changes depending on the scales in the Altiplano region of the Atacama Desert. More specifically, we focus on the temporal evolution from the climatological to the sub-diurnal scales on a high-altitude saline lake ecosystem. We analyze the evaporation trends over 70 years (1950–2020) at a high-spatial resolution. The method is based on the downscaling of 30 km ERA5 reanalysis data at hourly resolution to 0.1 km spatial resolution data, using artificial neural networks to analyze the main drivers of evaporation. To this end, we use the Penman open-water evaporation equation, modified to compensate for the energy balance non-closure and the ice cover formation on the lake during the night. Our estimation of the hourly climatology of evaporation shows a consistent agreement with eddy-covariance (EC) measurements and reveals that evaporation is controlled by different drivers depending on the time scale. At the sub-diurnal scale, mechanical turbulence is the primary driver of evaporation, and at this scale, it is not radiation-limited. At the seasonal scale, more than 70 % of the evaporation variability is explained by the radiative contribution term. At the same scale, and using a large-scale moisture tracking model, we identify the main sources of moisture to the Chilean Altiplano. In all cases, our regime of precipitation is controlled by large-scale weather patterns closely linked to climatological fluctuations. Moreover, seasonal evaporation significantly influences the saline lake surface spatial changes. From an interannual scale perspective, evaporation increased by 2.1 <span class="inline-formula">mm yr<sup>−1</sup></span> during the entire study period, according to global temperature increases. Finally, we find that yearly evaporation depends on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), where warm and cool ENSO phases are associated with higher evaporation and precipitation rates, respectively. Our results show that warm ENSO phases increase evaporation rates by 15 %, whereas cold phases decrease it by 2 %.</p>https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/3709/2022/hess-26-3709-2022.pdf |
| spellingShingle | F. Lobos-Roco F. Lobos-Roco O. Hartogensis F. Suárez F. Suárez F. Suárez A. Huerta-Viso I. Benedict A. de la Fuente J. Vilà-Guerau de Arellano Multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation on a saline lake in the Atacama Desert Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| title | Multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation on a saline lake in the Atacama Desert |
| title_full | Multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation on a saline lake in the Atacama Desert |
| title_fullStr | Multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation on a saline lake in the Atacama Desert |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation on a saline lake in the Atacama Desert |
| title_short | Multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation on a saline lake in the Atacama Desert |
| title_sort | multi scale temporal analysis of evaporation on a saline lake in the atacama desert |
| url | https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/3709/2022/hess-26-3709-2022.pdf |
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