Effects of six weeks outdoor versus treadmill running on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males: a pilot study
Background Running as exercise may be performed either on an outdoor surface or treadmill surface. However, previous research has indicated that the nature of both the surfaces differ significantly and therefore the training outcomes from running in these surfaces may also vary. Aim Therefore, the a...
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PeerJ Inc.
2022-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://peerj.com/articles/13791.pdf |
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| author | Gaurav Singh Gaurav Kushwah Tanvi Singh Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo Rohit K. Thapa |
| author_facet | Gaurav Singh Gaurav Kushwah Tanvi Singh Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo Rohit K. Thapa |
| author_sort | Gaurav Singh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Running as exercise may be performed either on an outdoor surface or treadmill surface. However, previous research has indicated that the nature of both the surfaces differ significantly and therefore the training outcomes from running in these surfaces may also vary. Aim Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to compare the effects of 6-weeks of supervised outdoor running (OT) vs treadmill running (TT) on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males. Methods Participants (age: 19.82 ± 1.28 years, height: 172.6 ± 4.9 cm, body mass: 64.3 ± 8.7 kg) were randomly assigned to OT (n = 14) or TT (n = 14), and assessed for physical fitness, i.e., 50 m sprint, cardiorespiratory endurance (i.e., 1,600 m run time-trial), standing long jump (SLJ), flexibility (i.e., sit-and-reach test), and upper-body muscle endurance (i.e., push-ups repetitions), alongside body composition, i.e., body mass, body mass index (BMI), fat percentage, fat free mass, and leg skeletal muscle mass (SMM). A two (pre-post intervention) by two (OT, TT) mixed ANOVA analysed exercise-specific effects. For significant group-by-time interactions, Bonferroni adjusted paired (within-group) and independent (between-group comparisons at post) t-tests were used for post-hoc analyses. Results Significant time-effect was found in all physical fitness variables (all p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.67–0.91), body mass (p = 0.23, ηp2 = 0.18), BMI (p = 0.009, ηp2 = 0.24), body fat percentage (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.38), and leg SMM (p = 0.002–0.007, ηp2 = 0.25–0.33). Significant group-by-time interaction was found for 50 m sprint (p = < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.74), 1,600 m run (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.35), and SLJ (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.43), favouring OT. Group-specific post-hoc tests showed improvements in all physical fitness variables after OT (p = < 0.001–0.001, g = 0.69–2.32, %Δ = 3.0–12.4) and TT (p = < 0.001–0.017, g = 0.15–0.65, %Δ = 0.9–11.7), and fat percentage after OT and TT (p = 0.002–0.041, g = 0.14–0.26, %Δ = 4.3–6.0). However, leg SMM decreased in TT (p = 0.001–0.004, g = 0.14–0.15, %Δ = 6.2–6.7). Conclusions Both OT and TT improved physical fitness and decreased fat percentage. However, compared to TT, the OT intervention preserved leg SMM and induced greater physical fitness improvements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T08:17:17Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T08:17:17Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-102ecfabd38c4b65ba7e5400a67ffad42023-12-02T21:58:58ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592022-07-0110e1379110.7717/peerj.13791Effects of six weeks outdoor versus treadmill running on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males: a pilot studyGaurav Singh0Gaurav Kushwah1Tanvi Singh2Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo3Rohit K. Thapa4School of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar, IndiaSchool of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar, IndiaSchool of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar, IndiaExercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, ChileSchool of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar, IndiaBackground Running as exercise may be performed either on an outdoor surface or treadmill surface. However, previous research has indicated that the nature of both the surfaces differ significantly and therefore the training outcomes from running in these surfaces may also vary. Aim Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to compare the effects of 6-weeks of supervised outdoor running (OT) vs treadmill running (TT) on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males. Methods Participants (age: 19.82 ± 1.28 years, height: 172.6 ± 4.9 cm, body mass: 64.3 ± 8.7 kg) were randomly assigned to OT (n = 14) or TT (n = 14), and assessed for physical fitness, i.e., 50 m sprint, cardiorespiratory endurance (i.e., 1,600 m run time-trial), standing long jump (SLJ), flexibility (i.e., sit-and-reach test), and upper-body muscle endurance (i.e., push-ups repetitions), alongside body composition, i.e., body mass, body mass index (BMI), fat percentage, fat free mass, and leg skeletal muscle mass (SMM). A two (pre-post intervention) by two (OT, TT) mixed ANOVA analysed exercise-specific effects. For significant group-by-time interactions, Bonferroni adjusted paired (within-group) and independent (between-group comparisons at post) t-tests were used for post-hoc analyses. Results Significant time-effect was found in all physical fitness variables (all p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.67–0.91), body mass (p = 0.23, ηp2 = 0.18), BMI (p = 0.009, ηp2 = 0.24), body fat percentage (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.38), and leg SMM (p = 0.002–0.007, ηp2 = 0.25–0.33). Significant group-by-time interaction was found for 50 m sprint (p = < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.74), 1,600 m run (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.35), and SLJ (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.43), favouring OT. Group-specific post-hoc tests showed improvements in all physical fitness variables after OT (p = < 0.001–0.001, g = 0.69–2.32, %Δ = 3.0–12.4) and TT (p = < 0.001–0.017, g = 0.15–0.65, %Δ = 0.9–11.7), and fat percentage after OT and TT (p = 0.002–0.041, g = 0.14–0.26, %Δ = 4.3–6.0). However, leg SMM decreased in TT (p = 0.001–0.004, g = 0.14–0.15, %Δ = 6.2–6.7). Conclusions Both OT and TT improved physical fitness and decreased fat percentage. However, compared to TT, the OT intervention preserved leg SMM and induced greater physical fitness improvements.https://peerj.com/articles/13791.pdfExerciseMovementPhysical activityHuman physical conditioningMusculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomenaPhysical exertion |
| spellingShingle | Gaurav Singh Gaurav Kushwah Tanvi Singh Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo Rohit K. Thapa Effects of six weeks outdoor versus treadmill running on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males: a pilot study PeerJ Exercise Movement Physical activity Human physical conditioning Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena Physical exertion |
| title | Effects of six weeks outdoor versus treadmill running on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males: a pilot study |
| title_full | Effects of six weeks outdoor versus treadmill running on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males: a pilot study |
| title_fullStr | Effects of six weeks outdoor versus treadmill running on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males: a pilot study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of six weeks outdoor versus treadmill running on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males: a pilot study |
| title_short | Effects of six weeks outdoor versus treadmill running on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males: a pilot study |
| title_sort | effects of six weeks outdoor versus treadmill running on physical fitness and body composition in recreationally active young males a pilot study |
| topic | Exercise Movement Physical activity Human physical conditioning Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena Physical exertion |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/13791.pdf |
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