Evaluating the long-term impact of large-scale trainings: an exposure based cross-sectional study on female genital mutilation-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among Sudanese midwives in Khartoum State
Objectives To examine the long-term impact of large-scale training targeting midwives in a setting where they are the main female genital mutilation (FGM) practitioners. We hypothesised that trained midwives would have significantly higher knowledge, greater opposition to midwives’ involvement in th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2024-01-01
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| Series: | BMJ Open |
| Online Access: | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e076830.full |
| _version_ | 1826805076734246912 |
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| author | Stephen Gloyd Carey Farquhar Mohammed Abdelrahim Wisal Ahmed Nancy Puttkammer |
| author_facet | Stephen Gloyd Carey Farquhar Mohammed Abdelrahim Wisal Ahmed Nancy Puttkammer |
| author_sort | Stephen Gloyd |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives To examine the long-term impact of large-scale training targeting midwives in a setting where they are the main female genital mutilation (FGM) practitioners. We hypothesised that trained midwives would have significantly higher knowledge, greater opposition to midwives’ involvement in this practice, and improved clinical practice in FGM prevention and care compared with non-trained midwives.Design We conducted an exposure based cross-sectional study, using closed-ended and open-ended questions during phone interviews.Setting Khartoum State in Sudan has a high prevalence of FGM (88%) mainly performed by midwives.Participants Midwives who received (n=127) and did not receive FGM training (n=55).Primary and secondary outcome measures We developed primary outcomes aligned to the three levels (reaction, learning and behaviour) of Kirkpatrick’s training evaluation model for descriptive and multivariable analyses in Stata.Results All the midwives interviewed were female, mostly village midwives (92%) and worked in health centres (89%). The mean age and midwifery experience was 51 years (SD=10) and 23 years (SD=12), respectively. Overall, most midwives (>90%) reported being supportive of FGM discontinuation. Midwives who had FGM training were more aware that performing FGM violates code of conduct (p=0.001) and reported to always counsel patients to abandon FGM (p<0.001) compared with midwives who did not report training. However, these associations were not statistically significant in multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for age. Exploratory analysis of training curricula showed higher knowledge, correct attitude and practices among those who reported in-service training before 2016.Conclusion Though past trainings were associated with higher knowledge and greater opposition to midwives’ involvement in FGM, this was not translated into appropriate corrective clinical procedures among affected women during labour. The Sudan Ministry of Health invested heavily in training midwives and it would be important to investigate why trained midwives do not implement recommended FGM-related clinical management. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T21:57:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-106a316aee1b404299bbedbe2f5f407d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2044-6055 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-03-17T02:04:42Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Open |
| spelling | doaj.art-106a316aee1b404299bbedbe2f5f407d2025-02-13T19:45:15ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open2044-60552024-01-0114110.1136/bmjopen-2023-076830Evaluating the long-term impact of large-scale trainings: an exposure based cross-sectional study on female genital mutilation-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among Sudanese midwives in Khartoum StateStephen Gloyd0Carey Farquhar1Mohammed Abdelrahim2Wisal Ahmed3Nancy Puttkammer4Global Health, Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USADepartments of Global Health, Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USAIndependent Researcher, Khartoum, SudanDepartment of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USADepartment of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USAObjectives To examine the long-term impact of large-scale training targeting midwives in a setting where they are the main female genital mutilation (FGM) practitioners. We hypothesised that trained midwives would have significantly higher knowledge, greater opposition to midwives’ involvement in this practice, and improved clinical practice in FGM prevention and care compared with non-trained midwives.Design We conducted an exposure based cross-sectional study, using closed-ended and open-ended questions during phone interviews.Setting Khartoum State in Sudan has a high prevalence of FGM (88%) mainly performed by midwives.Participants Midwives who received (n=127) and did not receive FGM training (n=55).Primary and secondary outcome measures We developed primary outcomes aligned to the three levels (reaction, learning and behaviour) of Kirkpatrick’s training evaluation model for descriptive and multivariable analyses in Stata.Results All the midwives interviewed were female, mostly village midwives (92%) and worked in health centres (89%). The mean age and midwifery experience was 51 years (SD=10) and 23 years (SD=12), respectively. Overall, most midwives (>90%) reported being supportive of FGM discontinuation. Midwives who had FGM training were more aware that performing FGM violates code of conduct (p=0.001) and reported to always counsel patients to abandon FGM (p<0.001) compared with midwives who did not report training. However, these associations were not statistically significant in multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for age. Exploratory analysis of training curricula showed higher knowledge, correct attitude and practices among those who reported in-service training before 2016.Conclusion Though past trainings were associated with higher knowledge and greater opposition to midwives’ involvement in FGM, this was not translated into appropriate corrective clinical procedures among affected women during labour. The Sudan Ministry of Health invested heavily in training midwives and it would be important to investigate why trained midwives do not implement recommended FGM-related clinical management.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e076830.full |
| spellingShingle | Stephen Gloyd Carey Farquhar Mohammed Abdelrahim Wisal Ahmed Nancy Puttkammer Evaluating the long-term impact of large-scale trainings: an exposure based cross-sectional study on female genital mutilation-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among Sudanese midwives in Khartoum State BMJ Open |
| title | Evaluating the long-term impact of large-scale trainings: an exposure based cross-sectional study on female genital mutilation-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among Sudanese midwives in Khartoum State |
| title_full | Evaluating the long-term impact of large-scale trainings: an exposure based cross-sectional study on female genital mutilation-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among Sudanese midwives in Khartoum State |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating the long-term impact of large-scale trainings: an exposure based cross-sectional study on female genital mutilation-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among Sudanese midwives in Khartoum State |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the long-term impact of large-scale trainings: an exposure based cross-sectional study on female genital mutilation-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among Sudanese midwives in Khartoum State |
| title_short | Evaluating the long-term impact of large-scale trainings: an exposure based cross-sectional study on female genital mutilation-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among Sudanese midwives in Khartoum State |
| title_sort | evaluating the long term impact of large scale trainings an exposure based cross sectional study on female genital mutilation related knowledge attitudes and practices among sudanese midwives in khartoum state |
| url | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e076830.full |
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