Immunotherapy and Microbiota for Targeting of Liver Tumor-Initiating Stem-like Cells
Cancer contains tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) that are resistant to therapies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence has increased twice over the past few decades, while the incidence of other cancer types has trended downward globally. Therefore, an understanding of HCC development and...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/10/2381 |
| _version_ | 1797501019300560896 |
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| author | Keigo Machida Stanley M. Tahara |
| author_facet | Keigo Machida Stanley M. Tahara |
| author_sort | Keigo Machida |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cancer contains tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) that are resistant to therapies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence has increased twice over the past few decades, while the incidence of other cancer types has trended downward globally. Therefore, an understanding of HCC development and therapy resistance mechanisms is needed for this incurable malignancy. This review article describes links between immunotherapies and microbiota in tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs), which have stem cell characteristics with self-renewal ability and express pluripotency transcription factors such as NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4. This review discusses (1) how immunotherapies fail and (2) how gut dysbiosis inhibits immunotherapy efficacy. Gut dysbiosis promotes resistance to immunotherapies by breaking gut immune tolerance and activating suppressor immune cells. Unfortunately, this leads to incurable recurrence/metastasis development. Personalized medicine approaches targeting these mechanisms of TIC/metastasis-initiating cells are emerging targets for HCC immunotherapy and microbiota modulation therapy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:12:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-109705c60d8d4da9bef92138a2353421 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:12:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-109705c60d8d4da9bef92138a23534212023-11-23T10:22:22ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942022-05-011410238110.3390/cancers14102381Immunotherapy and Microbiota for Targeting of Liver Tumor-Initiating Stem-like CellsKeigo Machida0Stanley M. Tahara1Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave., 503C-HMR, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USASouthern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave., 503C-HMR, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USACancer contains tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) that are resistant to therapies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence has increased twice over the past few decades, while the incidence of other cancer types has trended downward globally. Therefore, an understanding of HCC development and therapy resistance mechanisms is needed for this incurable malignancy. This review article describes links between immunotherapies and microbiota in tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs), which have stem cell characteristics with self-renewal ability and express pluripotency transcription factors such as NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4. This review discusses (1) how immunotherapies fail and (2) how gut dysbiosis inhibits immunotherapy efficacy. Gut dysbiosis promotes resistance to immunotherapies by breaking gut immune tolerance and activating suppressor immune cells. Unfortunately, this leads to incurable recurrence/metastasis development. Personalized medicine approaches targeting these mechanisms of TIC/metastasis-initiating cells are emerging targets for HCC immunotherapy and microbiota modulation therapy.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/10/2381cancer stem cell (CSC)tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs)hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)immunotherapy |
| spellingShingle | Keigo Machida Stanley M. Tahara Immunotherapy and Microbiota for Targeting of Liver Tumor-Initiating Stem-like Cells Cancers cancer stem cell (CSC) tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) immunotherapy |
| title | Immunotherapy and Microbiota for Targeting of Liver Tumor-Initiating Stem-like Cells |
| title_full | Immunotherapy and Microbiota for Targeting of Liver Tumor-Initiating Stem-like Cells |
| title_fullStr | Immunotherapy and Microbiota for Targeting of Liver Tumor-Initiating Stem-like Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunotherapy and Microbiota for Targeting of Liver Tumor-Initiating Stem-like Cells |
| title_short | Immunotherapy and Microbiota for Targeting of Liver Tumor-Initiating Stem-like Cells |
| title_sort | immunotherapy and microbiota for targeting of liver tumor initiating stem like cells |
| topic | cancer stem cell (CSC) tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) immunotherapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/10/2381 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT keigomachida immunotherapyandmicrobiotafortargetingoflivertumorinitiatingstemlikecells AT stanleymtahara immunotherapyandmicrobiotafortargetingoflivertumorinitiatingstemlikecells |