On the Maximum Energy Release from Formation of Static Compact Objects

Type II Supernova 1987A (SN 1987A), observed in 1987, released an energy of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>×<...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Abhas Mitra, Krishna Kumar Singh
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2023-11-01
Series:Galaxies
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/11/6/116
Description
Summary:Type II Supernova 1987A (SN 1987A), observed in 1987, released an energy of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>53</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> erg. This huge energy is essentially the magnitude of gravitational potential or self-gravitational energy (PE) of a new born cold neutron star having a gravitational compactness or redshift <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>z</mi><mi>b</mi></msub><mo>≈</mo><mn>0.15</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. One may wonder what could be the upper limit on the amount of energy that might be released with the formation of a cold Ultra Compact Object (UCO) with an arbitrary high <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>z</mi><mi>b</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Accordingly, here, for the first time, we obtain an analytical expression for the PE of a homogeneous general relativistic UCO assuming it to be cold and static. It is found that the PE of a homogeneous UCO of mass <i>M</i> may exceed Mc<sup>2</sup> and be as large as 1.34 Mc<sup>2</sup>. This result, though surprising, follows from an <i>exact and correct</i> analytical calculation based on the standard General Theory of Relativity (GTR). Further, UCOs supported by tangential stresses may be inhomogeneous and much more massive than neutron stars with PE ∼ 2.1 Mc<sup>2</sup> Thus, in principle, formation of an UCO of a few solar masses (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>M</mi><mo>⊙</mo></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>) might release an energy <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>∼</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>55</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> erg.
ISSN:2075-4434