Anti-<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020
Toxoplasmosis has a major impact on animal and public health. Information regarding the seroprevalence of human <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infections from a European perspective has not yet been compiled to date. Thus, the present review summarized available resident data from the period 2...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/12/1430 |
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| author | Rafael Calero-Bernal Solange María Gennari Santiago Cano Martha Ynés Salas-Fajardo Arantxa Ríos Gema Álvarez-García Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora |
| author_facet | Rafael Calero-Bernal Solange María Gennari Santiago Cano Martha Ynés Salas-Fajardo Arantxa Ríos Gema Álvarez-García Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora |
| author_sort | Rafael Calero-Bernal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Toxoplasmosis has a major impact on animal and public health. Information regarding the seroprevalence of human <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infections from a European perspective has not yet been compiled to date. Thus, the present review summarized available resident data from the period 2000–2020. The overall seroprevalence of anti-<i>T. gondii</i> IgG was 32.1%, with great variability between countries (<i>n</i> = 30). The subgroup analysis identified different pooled prevalence data depending on the geographic area (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), target population (<i>p</i> = 0.0147), and serological diagnosis assays used (<i>p</i> = 0.0059). A high heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 100%, <i>p</i> < 0.001; Q = 3.5e+05, d.f. = 135, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and degree of publication bias (Egger’s test = 6.14, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were observed among the 134 studies considered. The occurrence of anti-<i>T. gondii</i> IgM, which was reported in 64.7% of studies, reached a pooled seroprevalence of 0.6%. In addition, among the eight main risk factors identified, “contact with soil”, “consumption of undercooked beef”, and “intake of unwashed vegetables” were the most significantly associated with infections. The fact that one-third of the European population has been exposed to <i>T. gondii</i> justifies extra efforts to harmonize surveillance systems and develop additional risk-factor analyses based on detailed source attribution assessment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:27:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-10c01e77d3b6404584501fae0cc658eb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:27:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-10c01e77d3b6404584501fae0cc658eb2023-12-22T14:30:57ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-12-011212143010.3390/pathogens12121430Anti-<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020Rafael Calero-Bernal0Solange María Gennari1Santiago Cano2Martha Ynés Salas-Fajardo3Arantxa Ríos4Gema Álvarez-García5Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora6SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainPhD Program in One Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo 04829-300, SP, BrazilComputing Services, Research Support Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainSALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainSALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainSALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainSALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainToxoplasmosis has a major impact on animal and public health. Information regarding the seroprevalence of human <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infections from a European perspective has not yet been compiled to date. Thus, the present review summarized available resident data from the period 2000–2020. The overall seroprevalence of anti-<i>T. gondii</i> IgG was 32.1%, with great variability between countries (<i>n</i> = 30). The subgroup analysis identified different pooled prevalence data depending on the geographic area (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), target population (<i>p</i> = 0.0147), and serological diagnosis assays used (<i>p</i> = 0.0059). A high heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 100%, <i>p</i> < 0.001; Q = 3.5e+05, d.f. = 135, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and degree of publication bias (Egger’s test = 6.14, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were observed among the 134 studies considered. The occurrence of anti-<i>T. gondii</i> IgM, which was reported in 64.7% of studies, reached a pooled seroprevalence of 0.6%. In addition, among the eight main risk factors identified, “contact with soil”, “consumption of undercooked beef”, and “intake of unwashed vegetables” were the most significantly associated with infections. The fact that one-third of the European population has been exposed to <i>T. gondii</i> justifies extra efforts to harmonize surveillance systems and develop additional risk-factor analyses based on detailed source attribution assessment.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/12/1430<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>humanEuropeseroprevalencerisk factorsmeta-analysis |
| spellingShingle | Rafael Calero-Bernal Solange María Gennari Santiago Cano Martha Ynés Salas-Fajardo Arantxa Ríos Gema Álvarez-García Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora Anti-<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020 Pathogens <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> human Europe seroprevalence risk factors meta-analysis |
| title | Anti-<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020 |
| title_full | Anti-<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020 |
| title_fullStr | Anti-<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020 |
| title_short | Anti-<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020 |
| title_sort | anti i toxoplasma gondii i antibodies in european residents a systematic review and meta analysis of studies published between 2000 and 2020 |
| topic | <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> human Europe seroprevalence risk factors meta-analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/12/1430 |
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