Cerebellar contribution to the regulation of defensive states
Despite fine tuning voluntary movement as the most prominently studied function of the cerebellum, early human studies suggested cerebellar involvement emotion regulation. Since, the cerebellum has been associated with various mood and anxiety-related conditions. Research in animals provided evidenc...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2023.1160083/full |
| _version_ | 1797854974815764480 |
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| author | Gabriela Neubert da Silva Nina Seiffert Philip Tovote Philip Tovote |
| author_facet | Gabriela Neubert da Silva Nina Seiffert Philip Tovote Philip Tovote |
| author_sort | Gabriela Neubert da Silva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite fine tuning voluntary movement as the most prominently studied function of the cerebellum, early human studies suggested cerebellar involvement emotion regulation. Since, the cerebellum has been associated with various mood and anxiety-related conditions. Research in animals provided evidence for cerebellar contributions to fear memory formation and extinction. Fear and anxiety can broadly be referred to as defensive states triggered by threat and characterized by multimodal adaptations such as behavioral and cardiac responses integrated into an intricately orchestrated defense reaction. This is mediated by an evolutionary conserved, highly interconnected network of defense-related structures with functional connections to the cerebellum. Projections from the deep cerebellar nucleus interpositus to the central amygdala interfere with retention of fear memory. Several studies uncovered tight functional connections between cerebellar deep nuclei and pyramis and the midbrain periaqueductal grey. Specifically, the fastigial nucleus sends direct projections to the ventrolateral PAG to mediate fear-evoked innate and learned freezing behavior. The cerebellum also regulates cardiovascular responses such as blood pressure and heart rate-effects dependent on connections with medullary cardiac regulatory structures. Because of the integrated, multimodal nature of defensive states, their adaptive regulation has to be highly dynamic to enable responding to a moving threatening stimulus. In this, predicting threat occurrence are crucial functions of calculating adequate responses. Based on its role in prediction error generation, its connectivity to limbic regions, and previous results on a role in fear learning, this review presents the cerebellum as a regulator of integrated cardio-behavioral defensive states. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T20:14:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-10cdf14212034416a00418ff41d34666 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5137 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T20:14:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-10cdf14212034416a00418ff41d346662023-03-31T08:35:13ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience1662-51372023-03-011710.3389/fnsys.2023.11600831160083Cerebellar contribution to the regulation of defensive statesGabriela Neubert da Silva0Nina Seiffert1Philip Tovote2Philip Tovote3Defense Circuits Lab, Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDefense Circuits Lab, Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDefense Circuits Lab, Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyCenter for Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDespite fine tuning voluntary movement as the most prominently studied function of the cerebellum, early human studies suggested cerebellar involvement emotion regulation. Since, the cerebellum has been associated with various mood and anxiety-related conditions. Research in animals provided evidence for cerebellar contributions to fear memory formation and extinction. Fear and anxiety can broadly be referred to as defensive states triggered by threat and characterized by multimodal adaptations such as behavioral and cardiac responses integrated into an intricately orchestrated defense reaction. This is mediated by an evolutionary conserved, highly interconnected network of defense-related structures with functional connections to the cerebellum. Projections from the deep cerebellar nucleus interpositus to the central amygdala interfere with retention of fear memory. Several studies uncovered tight functional connections between cerebellar deep nuclei and pyramis and the midbrain periaqueductal grey. Specifically, the fastigial nucleus sends direct projections to the ventrolateral PAG to mediate fear-evoked innate and learned freezing behavior. The cerebellum also regulates cardiovascular responses such as blood pressure and heart rate-effects dependent on connections with medullary cardiac regulatory structures. Because of the integrated, multimodal nature of defensive states, their adaptive regulation has to be highly dynamic to enable responding to a moving threatening stimulus. In this, predicting threat occurrence are crucial functions of calculating adequate responses. Based on its role in prediction error generation, its connectivity to limbic regions, and previous results on a role in fear learning, this review presents the cerebellum as a regulator of integrated cardio-behavioral defensive states.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2023.1160083/fullcerebellumPAGamygdalaprefrontal cortexheart ratefear |
| spellingShingle | Gabriela Neubert da Silva Nina Seiffert Philip Tovote Philip Tovote Cerebellar contribution to the regulation of defensive states Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience cerebellum PAG amygdala prefrontal cortex heart rate fear |
| title | Cerebellar contribution to the regulation of defensive states |
| title_full | Cerebellar contribution to the regulation of defensive states |
| title_fullStr | Cerebellar contribution to the regulation of defensive states |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cerebellar contribution to the regulation of defensive states |
| title_short | Cerebellar contribution to the regulation of defensive states |
| title_sort | cerebellar contribution to the regulation of defensive states |
| topic | cerebellum PAG amygdala prefrontal cortex heart rate fear |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2023.1160083/full |
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