Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables
The absence of vitamin E from the diet can lead to cardiovascular disease, cancer, cataracts, and premature aging. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders. These fat-soluble vitamins are important nutritional factors that can be determined in different methods in vegetables. In this work...
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/11/2509 |
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| author | Antonella Aresta Gualtiero Milani Maria Lisa Clodoveo Carlo Franchini Pietro Cotugno Ivana Radojcic Redovnikovic Maurizio Quinto Filomena Corbo Carlo Zambonin |
| author_facet | Antonella Aresta Gualtiero Milani Maria Lisa Clodoveo Carlo Franchini Pietro Cotugno Ivana Radojcic Redovnikovic Maurizio Quinto Filomena Corbo Carlo Zambonin |
| author_sort | Antonella Aresta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The absence of vitamin E from the diet can lead to cardiovascular disease, cancer, cataracts, and premature aging. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders. These fat-soluble vitamins are important nutritional factors that can be determined in different methods in vegetables. In this work, the simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol, α-tocopheryl acetate, phylloquinone, and menaquinone-4 by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been optimized using both direct injection and solid phase microextraction (SPME). Three different sample pre-treatment approaches based on: (A) solid–liquid–liquid–liquid extraction (SLE–LLE), (B) SLE, and (C) SPME were then applied to extract the target analytes from vegetables samples using menaquinone as internal standard. All the procedures allowed the determination of the target analytes in onion, carrot, celery, and curly kale samples. Similar results were obtained with the three different approaches, even if the one based on SPME offers the best performance, together with a reduced use of solvent, time consumption, and experimental complexity, which makes it the preferable option for industrial applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:32:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-10e03e325f6349e083bf87d82f61c5e1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:32:21Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-10e03e325f6349e083bf87d82f61c5e12023-11-20T02:00:05ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-05-012511250910.3390/molecules25112509Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in VegetablesAntonella Aresta0Gualtiero Milani1Maria Lisa Clodoveo2Carlo Franchini3Pietro Cotugno4Ivana Radojcic Redovnikovic5Maurizio Quinto6Filomena Corbo7Carlo Zambonin8Department of Chemistry, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, ItalyInterdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Pz G. Cesare 11, Policlinico di Bari, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, ItalyFaculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijev 6, 10 000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Foggia, Via A.Gramsci 89/91, 71122 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, ItalyThe absence of vitamin E from the diet can lead to cardiovascular disease, cancer, cataracts, and premature aging. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders. These fat-soluble vitamins are important nutritional factors that can be determined in different methods in vegetables. In this work, the simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol, α-tocopheryl acetate, phylloquinone, and menaquinone-4 by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been optimized using both direct injection and solid phase microextraction (SPME). Three different sample pre-treatment approaches based on: (A) solid–liquid–liquid–liquid extraction (SLE–LLE), (B) SLE, and (C) SPME were then applied to extract the target analytes from vegetables samples using menaquinone as internal standard. All the procedures allowed the determination of the target analytes in onion, carrot, celery, and curly kale samples. Similar results were obtained with the three different approaches, even if the one based on SPME offers the best performance, together with a reduced use of solvent, time consumption, and experimental complexity, which makes it the preferable option for industrial applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/11/2509SPMEGC–MSα-tocopherolα-tocopheryl acetatephylloquinonemenaquinone-4 |
| spellingShingle | Antonella Aresta Gualtiero Milani Maria Lisa Clodoveo Carlo Franchini Pietro Cotugno Ivana Radojcic Redovnikovic Maurizio Quinto Filomena Corbo Carlo Zambonin Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables Molecules SPME GC–MS α-tocopherol α-tocopheryl acetate phylloquinone menaquinone-4 |
| title | Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables |
| title_full | Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables |
| title_fullStr | Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables |
| title_short | Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables |
| title_sort | development optimization and comparison of different sample pre treatments for simultaneous determination of vitamin e and vitamin k in vegetables |
| topic | SPME GC–MS α-tocopherol α-tocopheryl acetate phylloquinone menaquinone-4 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/11/2509 |
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