Looking at the Road When Driving Around Bends: Influence of Vehicle Automation and Speed
When negotiating bends car drivers perform gaze polling: their gaze shifts between guiding fixations (GFs; gaze directed 1–2 s ahead) and look-ahead fixations (LAFs; longer time headway). How might this behavior change in autonomous vehicles where the need for constant active visual guidance is remo...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01699/full |
| _version_ | 1818048879013134336 |
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| author | Damien Schnebelen Otto Lappi Callum Mole Jami Pekkanen Franck Mars |
| author_facet | Damien Schnebelen Otto Lappi Callum Mole Jami Pekkanen Franck Mars |
| author_sort | Damien Schnebelen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | When negotiating bends car drivers perform gaze polling: their gaze shifts between guiding fixations (GFs; gaze directed 1–2 s ahead) and look-ahead fixations (LAFs; longer time headway). How might this behavior change in autonomous vehicles where the need for constant active visual guidance is removed? In this driving simulator study, we analyzed this gaze behavior both when the driver was in charge of steering or when steering was delegated to automation, separately for bend approach (straight line) and the entry of the bend (turn), and at various speeds. The analysis of gaze distributions relative to bend sections and driving conditions indicate that visual anticipation (through LAFs) is most prominent before entering the bend. Passive driving increased the proportion of LAFs with a concomitant decrease of GFs, and increased the gaze polling frequency. Gaze polling frequency also increased at higher speeds, in particular during the bend approach when steering was not performed. LAFs encompassed a wide range of eccentricities. To account for this heterogeneity two sub-categories serving distinct information requirements are proposed: mid-eccentricity LAFs could be more useful for anticipatory planning of steering actions, and far-eccentricity LAFs for monitoring potential hazards. The results support the idea that gaze and steering coordination may be strongly impacted in autonomous vehicles. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T10:28:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-10e7324930a54228a9837f6056e6aad7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-1078 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T10:28:41Z |
| publishDate | 2019-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychology |
| spelling | doaj.art-10e7324930a54228a9837f6056e6aad72022-12-22T01:52:39ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782019-08-011010.3389/fpsyg.2019.01699464387Looking at the Road When Driving Around Bends: Influence of Vehicle Automation and SpeedDamien Schnebelen0Otto Lappi1Callum Mole2Jami Pekkanen3Franck Mars4Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), CNRS, Nantes, FranceDepartment of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandSchool of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United KingdomDepartment of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandLaboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), CNRS, Nantes, FranceWhen negotiating bends car drivers perform gaze polling: their gaze shifts between guiding fixations (GFs; gaze directed 1–2 s ahead) and look-ahead fixations (LAFs; longer time headway). How might this behavior change in autonomous vehicles where the need for constant active visual guidance is removed? In this driving simulator study, we analyzed this gaze behavior both when the driver was in charge of steering or when steering was delegated to automation, separately for bend approach (straight line) and the entry of the bend (turn), and at various speeds. The analysis of gaze distributions relative to bend sections and driving conditions indicate that visual anticipation (through LAFs) is most prominent before entering the bend. Passive driving increased the proportion of LAFs with a concomitant decrease of GFs, and increased the gaze polling frequency. Gaze polling frequency also increased at higher speeds, in particular during the bend approach when steering was not performed. LAFs encompassed a wide range of eccentricities. To account for this heterogeneity two sub-categories serving distinct information requirements are proposed: mid-eccentricity LAFs could be more useful for anticipatory planning of steering actions, and far-eccentricity LAFs for monitoring potential hazards. The results support the idea that gaze and steering coordination may be strongly impacted in autonomous vehicles.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01699/fullgaze behaviorautomated drivinglook-ahead fixationsvisuomotor coordinationsteering control |
| spellingShingle | Damien Schnebelen Otto Lappi Callum Mole Jami Pekkanen Franck Mars Looking at the Road When Driving Around Bends: Influence of Vehicle Automation and Speed Frontiers in Psychology gaze behavior automated driving look-ahead fixations visuomotor coordination steering control |
| title | Looking at the Road When Driving Around Bends: Influence of Vehicle Automation and Speed |
| title_full | Looking at the Road When Driving Around Bends: Influence of Vehicle Automation and Speed |
| title_fullStr | Looking at the Road When Driving Around Bends: Influence of Vehicle Automation and Speed |
| title_full_unstemmed | Looking at the Road When Driving Around Bends: Influence of Vehicle Automation and Speed |
| title_short | Looking at the Road When Driving Around Bends: Influence of Vehicle Automation and Speed |
| title_sort | looking at the road when driving around bends influence of vehicle automation and speed |
| topic | gaze behavior automated driving look-ahead fixations visuomotor coordination steering control |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01699/full |
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