Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Supplements Increased Wheat Productivity and Profitability under Limited and Assured Irrigation Regimes
Crop wastes could be applied in conjunction with synthetic fertilizers to satisfy crop nutritional needs and enhance soil fertility. A field experiment was carried out during winter 2019–2020 at the AMK Research Farm (Palatoo) Mardan, KPK (Pakistan) to investigate the combined effect of phosphorous...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/11/1754 |
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| author | Imad Khan Amanullah Aftab Jamal Adil Mihoub Omer Farooq Muhammad Farhan Saeed Mancinelli Roberto Emanuele Radicetti Adil Zia Muhammad Azam |
| author_facet | Imad Khan Amanullah Aftab Jamal Adil Mihoub Omer Farooq Muhammad Farhan Saeed Mancinelli Roberto Emanuele Radicetti Adil Zia Muhammad Azam |
| author_sort | Imad Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Crop wastes could be applied in conjunction with synthetic fertilizers to satisfy crop nutritional needs and enhance soil fertility. A field experiment was carried out during winter 2019–2020 at the AMK Research Farm (Palatoo) Mardan, KPK (Pakistan) to investigate the combined effect of phosphorous (PS) and organic sources (OSs) on wheat productivity under different irrigation regimes. The experimental factors were: two irrigation regimes (limited and full irrigation), three inorganic sources of phosphorus (triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP)) applied at 90 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, and three organic amendments (farmyard manure (FYM), mung bean residue (MBR), and canola residue (CR)) applied at a rate of 10 t ha<sup>−1</sup>. A control plot (no phosphorus or organic supply) was included. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was adopted. Among the fertilization strategies, SSP + FYM outperformed all other P fertilizers combined with legume or nonlegume residues in terms of grains per spike<sup>−1</sup> (52), thousand-grain weight (41.6 g), biological yield (9.7 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), and grain yield (4 t ha<sup>−1</sup>). Under full irrigation, improved yield, yield components, and profits were obtained compared to the limited irrigation regime. Three clusters were obtained after applying an Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conferred the positive effects of inorganic P with FYM on the wheat yield and its related parameters. This study indicated that the productivity of wheat under the SSP + FYM fertilization strategy was found to be more economical with respect to the benefit–cost ratio (BCR). The combined application of SSP + FYM was more profitable in terms of a higher BCR (3.25) than other treatments under the full irrigation regime. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:21:39Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
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| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-111e8fe55ab04a1494c7752c98f64d532023-11-24T03:16:16ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722022-10-011211175410.3390/agriculture12111754Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Supplements Increased Wheat Productivity and Profitability under Limited and Assured Irrigation RegimesImad Khan0Amanullah1Aftab Jamal2Adil Mihoub3Omer Farooq4Muhammad Farhan Saeed5Mancinelli Roberto6Emanuele Radicetti7Adil Zia8Muhammad Azam9Department of Agronomy, Amir Muhammad Khan Campus Mardan, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, PakistanKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaCenter for Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Regions, Biophysical Environment Station, Touggourt 30240, AlgeriaDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, ItalyDepartment of Agronomy, Amir Muhammad Khan Campus Mardan, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, PakistanAgricultural Research Station, Swabi 23430, PakistanCrop wastes could be applied in conjunction with synthetic fertilizers to satisfy crop nutritional needs and enhance soil fertility. A field experiment was carried out during winter 2019–2020 at the AMK Research Farm (Palatoo) Mardan, KPK (Pakistan) to investigate the combined effect of phosphorous (PS) and organic sources (OSs) on wheat productivity under different irrigation regimes. The experimental factors were: two irrigation regimes (limited and full irrigation), three inorganic sources of phosphorus (triple super phosphate (TSP), single super phosphate (SSP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP)) applied at 90 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, and three organic amendments (farmyard manure (FYM), mung bean residue (MBR), and canola residue (CR)) applied at a rate of 10 t ha<sup>−1</sup>. A control plot (no phosphorus or organic supply) was included. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was adopted. Among the fertilization strategies, SSP + FYM outperformed all other P fertilizers combined with legume or nonlegume residues in terms of grains per spike<sup>−1</sup> (52), thousand-grain weight (41.6 g), biological yield (9.7 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), and grain yield (4 t ha<sup>−1</sup>). Under full irrigation, improved yield, yield components, and profits were obtained compared to the limited irrigation regime. Three clusters were obtained after applying an Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conferred the positive effects of inorganic P with FYM on the wheat yield and its related parameters. This study indicated that the productivity of wheat under the SSP + FYM fertilization strategy was found to be more economical with respect to the benefit–cost ratio (BCR). The combined application of SSP + FYM was more profitable in terms of a higher BCR (3.25) than other treatments under the full irrigation regime.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/11/1754agricultural residues recyclingcost–benefit analysisfood securitynet returnssoil fertilitysynthetic p fertilizers |
| spellingShingle | Imad Khan Amanullah Aftab Jamal Adil Mihoub Omer Farooq Muhammad Farhan Saeed Mancinelli Roberto Emanuele Radicetti Adil Zia Muhammad Azam Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Supplements Increased Wheat Productivity and Profitability under Limited and Assured Irrigation Regimes Agriculture agricultural residues recycling cost–benefit analysis food security net returns soil fertility synthetic p fertilizers |
| title | Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Supplements Increased Wheat Productivity and Profitability under Limited and Assured Irrigation Regimes |
| title_full | Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Supplements Increased Wheat Productivity and Profitability under Limited and Assured Irrigation Regimes |
| title_fullStr | Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Supplements Increased Wheat Productivity and Profitability under Limited and Assured Irrigation Regimes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Supplements Increased Wheat Productivity and Profitability under Limited and Assured Irrigation Regimes |
| title_short | Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Organic Supplements Increased Wheat Productivity and Profitability under Limited and Assured Irrigation Regimes |
| title_sort | partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic supplements increased wheat productivity and profitability under limited and assured irrigation regimes |
| topic | agricultural residues recycling cost–benefit analysis food security net returns soil fertility synthetic p fertilizers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/11/1754 |
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