Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus</i> from Vervet Monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>) in Saint Kitts
Antimicrobial resistance has been described in all ecosystems, including wildlife. Here we investigated the presence of methicillin-resistant and susceptible staphylococci in both colony-born and wild vervet monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>). Through selective isolation, PCR, MALDI-TO...
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/3/290 |
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| author | Andreas Hoefer Filip Boyen Amy Beierschmitt Arshnee Moodley Marilyn C. Roberts Patrick Butaye |
| author_facet | Andreas Hoefer Filip Boyen Amy Beierschmitt Arshnee Moodley Marilyn C. Roberts Patrick Butaye |
| author_sort | Andreas Hoefer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Antimicrobial resistance has been described in all ecosystems, including wildlife. Here we investigated the presence of methicillin-resistant and susceptible staphylococci in both colony-born and wild vervet monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>). Through selective isolation, PCR, MALDI-TOF, and whole-genome sequencing, methicillin-resistant and susceptible <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. isolated from vervet monkeys were characterized. We obtained putatively methicillin-resistant staphylococci from 29 of the 34 nasal samples collected. Strains were identified by MALDI-TOF analysis. <i>Staphylococcus cohnii</i> (<i>n</i> = 15) was the most commonly isolated species, while nine other species were isolated one or two times. PCR analysis indicated that eight [28%] strains were <i>mecA</i> positive. The whole-genome sequencing [WGS] included eight methicillin-resistant strains (<i>S. epidermidis</i> (<i>n</i> = 2), <i>S. cohnii</i> (<i>n</i> = 3), <i>S. arlettae</i> (<i>n</i> = 2) and <i>S. hominis</i> (<i>n</i> = 1)), nine additional <i>S. cohnii</i> strains and two strains that could not be identified by MALDI-TOF, but genetically characterized as one <i>S. cohnii</i> and one <i>S. warneri</i>. Different resistance genes carried by different mobile genetic elements, mainly <i>blaZ</i> (<i>n</i> = 10) and <i>tet</i>(K) (<i>n</i> = 5) were found, while <i>msr</i>(A), <i>cat</i>, <i>fosB</i>, <i>dfrG</i>, <i>erm</i>(C), <i>mph</i>(C) and <i>str</i> were identified in one to three strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the <i>S. cohnii</i> strains based on SNPs indicated four clusters associated with colony born or wild. In addition, one singleton <i>S. cohnii</i> isolated did not form a separate group and clustered within other <i>S. cohnii</i> strains submitted to the NCBI. In this study, we demonstrated the presence of AMR and mobile genetic elements to both colony-born and wild vervet monkeys. We also identified a previously undescribed prevalence of <i>S. cohnii</i> in the nasal flora of these monkeys, which merits further investigation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:21:56Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:21:56Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
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| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-1154acf323ef433886a2324adca4b8762023-11-21T09:57:32ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822021-03-0110329010.3390/antibiotics10030290Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus</i> from Vervet Monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>) in Saint KittsAndreas Hoefer0Filip Boyen1Amy Beierschmitt2Arshnee Moodley3Marilyn C. Roberts4Patrick Butaye5School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, West Farm 000265, Saint Kitts and NevisDepartment of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Merelbeke, BelgiumSchool of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, West Farm 000265, Saint Kitts and NevisDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USASchool of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, West Farm 000265, Saint Kitts and NevisAntimicrobial resistance has been described in all ecosystems, including wildlife. Here we investigated the presence of methicillin-resistant and susceptible staphylococci in both colony-born and wild vervet monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>). Through selective isolation, PCR, MALDI-TOF, and whole-genome sequencing, methicillin-resistant and susceptible <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. isolated from vervet monkeys were characterized. We obtained putatively methicillin-resistant staphylococci from 29 of the 34 nasal samples collected. Strains were identified by MALDI-TOF analysis. <i>Staphylococcus cohnii</i> (<i>n</i> = 15) was the most commonly isolated species, while nine other species were isolated one or two times. PCR analysis indicated that eight [28%] strains were <i>mecA</i> positive. The whole-genome sequencing [WGS] included eight methicillin-resistant strains (<i>S. epidermidis</i> (<i>n</i> = 2), <i>S. cohnii</i> (<i>n</i> = 3), <i>S. arlettae</i> (<i>n</i> = 2) and <i>S. hominis</i> (<i>n</i> = 1)), nine additional <i>S. cohnii</i> strains and two strains that could not be identified by MALDI-TOF, but genetically characterized as one <i>S. cohnii</i> and one <i>S. warneri</i>. Different resistance genes carried by different mobile genetic elements, mainly <i>blaZ</i> (<i>n</i> = 10) and <i>tet</i>(K) (<i>n</i> = 5) were found, while <i>msr</i>(A), <i>cat</i>, <i>fosB</i>, <i>dfrG</i>, <i>erm</i>(C), <i>mph</i>(C) and <i>str</i> were identified in one to three strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the <i>S. cohnii</i> strains based on SNPs indicated four clusters associated with colony born or wild. In addition, one singleton <i>S. cohnii</i> isolated did not form a separate group and clustered within other <i>S. cohnii</i> strains submitted to the NCBI. In this study, we demonstrated the presence of AMR and mobile genetic elements to both colony-born and wild vervet monkeys. We also identified a previously undescribed prevalence of <i>S. cohnii</i> in the nasal flora of these monkeys, which merits further investigation.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/3/290methicillin resistance<i>Staphylococcus</i>whole-genome sequencingmonkeyvervet<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i> |
| spellingShingle | Andreas Hoefer Filip Boyen Amy Beierschmitt Arshnee Moodley Marilyn C. Roberts Patrick Butaye Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus</i> from Vervet Monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>) in Saint Kitts Antibiotics methicillin resistance <i>Staphylococcus</i> whole-genome sequencing monkey vervet <i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i> |
| title | Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus</i> from Vervet Monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>) in Saint Kitts |
| title_full | Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus</i> from Vervet Monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>) in Saint Kitts |
| title_fullStr | Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus</i> from Vervet Monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>) in Saint Kitts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus</i> from Vervet Monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>) in Saint Kitts |
| title_short | Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus</i> from Vervet Monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i>) in Saint Kitts |
| title_sort | methicillin resistant and methicillin susceptible i staphylococcus i from vervet monkeys i chlorocebus sabaeus i in saint kitts |
| topic | methicillin resistance <i>Staphylococcus</i> whole-genome sequencing monkey vervet <i>Chlorocebus sabaeus</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/3/290 |
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