A Review of the Distribution and Health Effect of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments
As a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used and detected in different indoor environments all over the world. This paper comprehensively describes the concentration levels and distribution information of 11 kinds of OPF...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-03-01
|
| Series: | Toxics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/3/195 |
| _version_ | 1797239143719239680 |
|---|---|
| author | Xingwei Song Sheng Zhu Ling Hu Xiaojia Chen Jiaqi Zhang Yi Liu Qingwei Bu Yuning Ma |
| author_facet | Xingwei Song Sheng Zhu Ling Hu Xiaojia Chen Jiaqi Zhang Yi Liu Qingwei Bu Yuning Ma |
| author_sort | Xingwei Song |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used and detected in different indoor environments all over the world. This paper comprehensively describes the concentration levels and distribution information of 11 kinds of OPFRs from 33 indoor dust and 10 air environments, from which TBOEP, TCIPP, and TDCIPP were observed to have higher concentrations in indoor environments. The ΣOPFRs displayed higher concentrations in indoor dust than in indoor air due to the higher molecular weight and vapor pressure of ΣOPFRs in building decoration materials, specifically for TCIPP and TDCIPP compounds. Considering that it is inevitable that people will be exposed to these chemicals in the indoor environments in which they work and live, we estimated their potential health risks through three human exposure pathways and found that the ingestion exposure to TBOEP for toddlers in Japan may reach up to 1270.80 ng/kg/day, which comprises a significant pathway compared to dermal contact and indoor air inhalation. Specifically, the combined total exposure to OPFRs by air inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal contact was generally below the RfD values for both adults and toddlers, with a few notable higher exposures of some typical OPFRs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:46:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-11610ad9085141ee8900c9be586ba568 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:46:51Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-11610ad9085141ee8900c9be586ba5682024-03-27T14:06:12ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042024-03-0112319510.3390/toxics12030195A Review of the Distribution and Health Effect of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor EnvironmentsXingwei Song0Sheng Zhu1Ling Hu2Xiaojia Chen3Jiaqi Zhang4Yi Liu5Qingwei Bu6Yuning Ma7Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Nanjing 210019, ChinaQuzhou Environmental Monitoring Centre, Quzhou 324000, ChinaJiangsu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Nanjing 210019, ChinaSchool of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, ChinaThomas Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institution of Technology Rochester, New York, NY 14623, USASchool of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaAs a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used and detected in different indoor environments all over the world. This paper comprehensively describes the concentration levels and distribution information of 11 kinds of OPFRs from 33 indoor dust and 10 air environments, from which TBOEP, TCIPP, and TDCIPP were observed to have higher concentrations in indoor environments. The ΣOPFRs displayed higher concentrations in indoor dust than in indoor air due to the higher molecular weight and vapor pressure of ΣOPFRs in building decoration materials, specifically for TCIPP and TDCIPP compounds. Considering that it is inevitable that people will be exposed to these chemicals in the indoor environments in which they work and live, we estimated their potential health risks through three human exposure pathways and found that the ingestion exposure to TBOEP for toddlers in Japan may reach up to 1270.80 ng/kg/day, which comprises a significant pathway compared to dermal contact and indoor air inhalation. Specifically, the combined total exposure to OPFRs by air inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal contact was generally below the RfD values for both adults and toddlers, with a few notable higher exposures of some typical OPFRs.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/3/195organophosphorus flame retardantsindoor environmenthuman exposurerisk assessment |
| spellingShingle | Xingwei Song Sheng Zhu Ling Hu Xiaojia Chen Jiaqi Zhang Yi Liu Qingwei Bu Yuning Ma A Review of the Distribution and Health Effect of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments Toxics organophosphorus flame retardants indoor environment human exposure risk assessment |
| title | A Review of the Distribution and Health Effect of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments |
| title_full | A Review of the Distribution and Health Effect of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments |
| title_fullStr | A Review of the Distribution and Health Effect of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of the Distribution and Health Effect of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments |
| title_short | A Review of the Distribution and Health Effect of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments |
| title_sort | review of the distribution and health effect of organophosphorus flame retardants in indoor environments |
| topic | organophosphorus flame retardants indoor environment human exposure risk assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/3/195 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT xingweisong areviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT shengzhu areviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT linghu areviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT xiaojiachen areviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT jiaqizhang areviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT yiliu areviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT qingweibu areviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT yuningma areviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT xingweisong reviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT shengzhu reviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT linghu reviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT xiaojiachen reviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT jiaqizhang reviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT yiliu reviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT qingweibu reviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments AT yuningma reviewofthedistributionandhealtheffectoforganophosphorusflameretardantsinindoorenvironments |