Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment
Genetic alterations, especially the K-Ras mutation, carry the heaviest burden in the progression of pancreatic precursor lesions into pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The tumor microenvironment is one of the challenges that hinder the therapeutic approaches from functioning sufficiently and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/4/373 |
| _version_ | 1797539008985694208 |
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| author | Darya Javadrashid Amir Baghbanzadeh Afshin Derakhshani Patrizia Leone Nicola Silvestris Vito Racanelli Antonio Giovanni Solimando Behzad Baradaran |
| author_facet | Darya Javadrashid Amir Baghbanzadeh Afshin Derakhshani Patrizia Leone Nicola Silvestris Vito Racanelli Antonio Giovanni Solimando Behzad Baradaran |
| author_sort | Darya Javadrashid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Genetic alterations, especially the K-Ras mutation, carry the heaviest burden in the progression of pancreatic precursor lesions into pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The tumor microenvironment is one of the challenges that hinder the therapeutic approaches from functioning sufficiently and leads to the immune evasion of pancreatic malignant cells. Mastering the mechanisms of these two hallmarks of PDAC can help us in dealing with the obstacles in the way of treatment. In this review, we have analyzed the signaling pathways involved in PDAC development and the immune system’s role in pancreatic cancer and immune checkpoint inhibition as next-generation therapeutic strategy. The direct targeting of the involved signaling molecules and the immune checkpoint molecules, along with a combination with conventional therapies, have reached the most promising results in pancreatic cancer treatment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:40:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-11621865ff464ca88e8ad4987fac03ef |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:40:16Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-11621865ff464ca88e8ad4987fac03ef2023-11-21T13:56:38ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592021-04-019437310.3390/biomedicines9040373Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of TreatmentDarya Javadrashid0Amir Baghbanzadeh1Afshin Derakhshani2Patrizia Leone3Nicola Silvestris4Vito Racanelli5Antonio Giovanni Solimando6Behzad Baradaran7Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, IranImmunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, IranImmunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, IranGuido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, ItalyIRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, ItalyGuido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, ItalyIRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, 70124 Bari, ItalyImmunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, IranGenetic alterations, especially the K-Ras mutation, carry the heaviest burden in the progression of pancreatic precursor lesions into pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The tumor microenvironment is one of the challenges that hinder the therapeutic approaches from functioning sufficiently and leads to the immune evasion of pancreatic malignant cells. Mastering the mechanisms of these two hallmarks of PDAC can help us in dealing with the obstacles in the way of treatment. In this review, we have analyzed the signaling pathways involved in PDAC development and the immune system’s role in pancreatic cancer and immune checkpoint inhibition as next-generation therapeutic strategy. The direct targeting of the involved signaling molecules and the immune checkpoint molecules, along with a combination with conventional therapies, have reached the most promising results in pancreatic cancer treatment.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/4/373pancreatic cancerpancreatic adenocarcinomaPDACimmune checkpointsignaling pathwaygene mutation |
| spellingShingle | Darya Javadrashid Amir Baghbanzadeh Afshin Derakhshani Patrizia Leone Nicola Silvestris Vito Racanelli Antonio Giovanni Solimando Behzad Baradaran Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment Biomedicines pancreatic cancer pancreatic adenocarcinoma PDAC immune checkpoint signaling pathway gene mutation |
| title | Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment |
| title_full | Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment |
| title_short | Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment |
| title_sort | pancreatic cancer signaling pathways genetic alterations and tumor microenvironment the barriers affecting the method of treatment |
| topic | pancreatic cancer pancreatic adenocarcinoma PDAC immune checkpoint signaling pathway gene mutation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/4/373 |
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