Structure-activity relationship of immunostimulatory effects of phthalates
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Some chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, have been shown to have an adjuvant effect in mice. However, an adjuvant effect, defined as an inherent ability to stimulate the humoral immune response, was only observed after...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2008-10-01
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| Series: | BMC Immunology |
| Online Access: | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/9/61 |
| _version_ | 1818145641866461184 |
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| author | Nielsen Gunnar D Larsen Søren T |
| author_facet | Nielsen Gunnar D Larsen Søren T |
| author_sort | Nielsen Gunnar D |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Some chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, have been shown to have an adjuvant effect in mice. However, an adjuvant effect, defined as an inherent ability to stimulate the humoral immune response, was only observed after exposure to a limited number of the phthalates. An adjuvant effect may be due to the structure or physicochemical characteristics of the molecule. The scope of this study was to investigate which molecular characteristics that determine the observed adjuvant effect of the most widely used phthalate plasticizer, the di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is documented as having a strong adjuvant effect. To do so, a series of nine lipophilic compounds with structural and physicochemical relations to DEHP were investigated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Adjuvant effect of phthalates and related compounds were restricted to the IgG1 antibody formation. No effect was seen on IgE. It appears that lipophilicity plays a crucial role, but lipophilicity does not <it>per se </it>cause an adjuvant effect. In addition to lipophilicity, a phthalate must also possess specific stereochemical characteristics in order for it to have adjuvant effect.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The adjuvant effect of phthalates are highly influenced by both stereochemical and physico-chemical properties. This knowledge may be used in the rational development of plasticizers without adjuvant effect as well as in the design of new immunological adjuvants.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T12:06:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-116b55f93d1b4ff39069291e79263ee1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2172 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T12:06:42Z |
| publishDate | 2008-10-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-116b55f93d1b4ff39069291e79263ee12022-12-22T01:07:55ZengBMCBMC Immunology1471-21722008-10-01916110.1186/1471-2172-9-61Structure-activity relationship of immunostimulatory effects of phthalatesNielsen Gunnar DLarsen Søren T<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Some chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, have been shown to have an adjuvant effect in mice. However, an adjuvant effect, defined as an inherent ability to stimulate the humoral immune response, was only observed after exposure to a limited number of the phthalates. An adjuvant effect may be due to the structure or physicochemical characteristics of the molecule. The scope of this study was to investigate which molecular characteristics that determine the observed adjuvant effect of the most widely used phthalate plasticizer, the di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is documented as having a strong adjuvant effect. To do so, a series of nine lipophilic compounds with structural and physicochemical relations to DEHP were investigated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Adjuvant effect of phthalates and related compounds were restricted to the IgG1 antibody formation. No effect was seen on IgE. It appears that lipophilicity plays a crucial role, but lipophilicity does not <it>per se </it>cause an adjuvant effect. In addition to lipophilicity, a phthalate must also possess specific stereochemical characteristics in order for it to have adjuvant effect.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The adjuvant effect of phthalates are highly influenced by both stereochemical and physico-chemical properties. This knowledge may be used in the rational development of plasticizers without adjuvant effect as well as in the design of new immunological adjuvants.</p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/9/61 |
| spellingShingle | Nielsen Gunnar D Larsen Søren T Structure-activity relationship of immunostimulatory effects of phthalates BMC Immunology |
| title | Structure-activity relationship of immunostimulatory effects of phthalates |
| title_full | Structure-activity relationship of immunostimulatory effects of phthalates |
| title_fullStr | Structure-activity relationship of immunostimulatory effects of phthalates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structure-activity relationship of immunostimulatory effects of phthalates |
| title_short | Structure-activity relationship of immunostimulatory effects of phthalates |
| title_sort | structure activity relationship of immunostimulatory effects of phthalates |
| url | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/9/61 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nielsengunnard structureactivityrelationshipofimmunostimulatoryeffectsofphthalates AT larsensørent structureactivityrelationshipofimmunostimulatoryeffectsofphthalates |