Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships
Methods for the determination of ship fuel sulphur content and NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors based on remote measurements have been compared in the harbour of Rotterdam and compared to direct stack emission measurements on the ferry <i>Stena Hollandica</i>. The methods were...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2014-08-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| Online Access: | http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/2597/2014/amt-7-2597-2014.pdf |
| _version_ | 1818693960952971264 |
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| author | J. M. Balzani Lööv B. Alfoldy L. F. L. Gast J. Hjorth F. Lagler J. Mellqvist J. Beecken N. Berg J. Duyzer H. Westrate D. P. J. Swart A. J. C. Berkhout J.-P. Jalkanen A. J. Prata G. R. van der Hoff A. Borowiak |
| author_facet | J. M. Balzani Lööv B. Alfoldy L. F. L. Gast J. Hjorth F. Lagler J. Mellqvist J. Beecken N. Berg J. Duyzer H. Westrate D. P. J. Swart A. J. C. Berkhout J.-P. Jalkanen A. J. Prata G. R. van der Hoff A. Borowiak |
| author_sort | J. M. Balzani Lööv |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Methods for the determination of ship fuel sulphur content and
NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors based on remote measurements have been
compared in the harbour of Rotterdam and compared to direct stack emission
measurements on the ferry <i>Stena Hollandica</i>. The methods were selected based
on a review of the available literature on ship emission measurements. They
were either optical (LIDAR, Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), UV camera), combined with model-based
estimates of fuel consumption, or based on the so called "sniffer"
principle, where SO<sub>2</sub> or NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors are determined
from simultaneous measurement of the increase of CO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> or
NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations in the plume of the ship compared to the
background. The measurements were performed from stations at land, from a
boat and from a helicopter. Mobile measurement platforms were found to have
important advantages compared to the land-based ones because they allow optimizing the sampling conditions and sampling from ships on the open sea.
Although optical methods can provide reliable results it was found that at
the state of the art level, the "sniffer" approach is the most convenient
technique for determining both SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors
remotely. The average random error on the determination of SO<sub>2</sub> emission
factors comparing two identical instrumental set-ups was 6%. However, it
was found that apparently minor differences in the instrumental
characteristics, such as response time, could cause significant differences
between the emission factors determined. Direct stack measurements showed
that about 14% of the fuel sulphur content was not emitted as SO<sub>2</sub>.
This was supported by the remote measurements and is in agreement with the
results of other field studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T13:21:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1186a2edebfc428e94fccd3c26e5eba9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1867-1381 1867-8548 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T13:21:59Z |
| publishDate | 2014-08-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| spelling | doaj.art-1186a2edebfc428e94fccd3c26e5eba92022-12-21T21:46:50ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Measurement Techniques1867-13811867-85482014-08-01782597261310.5194/amt-7-2597-2014Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from shipsJ. M. Balzani Lööv0B. Alfoldy1L. F. L. Gast2J. Hjorth3F. Lagler4J. Mellqvist5J. Beecken6N. Berg7J. Duyzer8H. Westrate9D. P. J. Swart10A. J. C. Berkhout11J.-P. Jalkanen12A. J. Prata13G. R. van der Hoff14A. Borowiak15European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, ItalyEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, ItalyNational Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the NetherlandsEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, ItalyEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, ItalyChalmers University of Technology (CHA), Göteborg, SwedenChalmers University of Technology (CHA), Göteborg, SwedenChalmers University of Technology (CHA), Göteborg, SwedenThe Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, the NetherlandsThe Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, the NetherlandsNational Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the NetherlandsNational Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the NetherlandsFinnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, FinlandNorwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, NorwayNational Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the NetherlandsEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, ItalyMethods for the determination of ship fuel sulphur content and NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors based on remote measurements have been compared in the harbour of Rotterdam and compared to direct stack emission measurements on the ferry <i>Stena Hollandica</i>. The methods were selected based on a review of the available literature on ship emission measurements. They were either optical (LIDAR, Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), UV camera), combined with model-based estimates of fuel consumption, or based on the so called "sniffer" principle, where SO<sub>2</sub> or NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors are determined from simultaneous measurement of the increase of CO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> or NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations in the plume of the ship compared to the background. The measurements were performed from stations at land, from a boat and from a helicopter. Mobile measurement platforms were found to have important advantages compared to the land-based ones because they allow optimizing the sampling conditions and sampling from ships on the open sea. Although optical methods can provide reliable results it was found that at the state of the art level, the "sniffer" approach is the most convenient technique for determining both SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors remotely. The average random error on the determination of SO<sub>2</sub> emission factors comparing two identical instrumental set-ups was 6%. However, it was found that apparently minor differences in the instrumental characteristics, such as response time, could cause significant differences between the emission factors determined. Direct stack measurements showed that about 14% of the fuel sulphur content was not emitted as SO<sub>2</sub>. This was supported by the remote measurements and is in agreement with the results of other field studies.http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/2597/2014/amt-7-2597-2014.pdf |
| spellingShingle | J. M. Balzani Lööv B. Alfoldy L. F. L. Gast J. Hjorth F. Lagler J. Mellqvist J. Beecken N. Berg J. Duyzer H. Westrate D. P. J. Swart A. J. C. Berkhout J.-P. Jalkanen A. J. Prata G. R. van der Hoff A. Borowiak Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| title | Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships |
| title_full | Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships |
| title_fullStr | Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships |
| title_full_unstemmed | Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships |
| title_short | Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships |
| title_sort | field test of available methods to measure remotely so sub x sub and no sub x sub emissions from ships |
| url | http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/2597/2014/amt-7-2597-2014.pdf |
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