Dispensing of antibiotics for tuberculosis patients using standardized patient approach at community pharmacies: results from a cross-sectional study in Pakistan
BackgroundPakistan is among top countries for antibiotic consumption around the globe and patients often receive antibiotics directly from community pharmacies. Thus, our aim was to assess the drug dispensing practices of pharmacies for presumed and confirmed tuberculosis by using standardized patie...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1241551/full |
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| author | Ali Hassan Gillani Ali Hassan Gillani Ali Hassan Gillani Hafsa Arshad Hafsa Arshad Hafsa Arshad Hasan Mujtaba Muhammad Farooq Umer Sen Xu Sen Xu Sen Xu Wenjing Ji Wenjing Ji Wenjing Ji Kamran Bashir Jie Chang Jie Chang Jie Chang Caijun Yang Caijun Yang Caijun Yang Yu Fang Yu Fang Yu Fang |
| author_facet | Ali Hassan Gillani Ali Hassan Gillani Ali Hassan Gillani Hafsa Arshad Hafsa Arshad Hafsa Arshad Hasan Mujtaba Muhammad Farooq Umer Sen Xu Sen Xu Sen Xu Wenjing Ji Wenjing Ji Wenjing Ji Kamran Bashir Jie Chang Jie Chang Jie Chang Caijun Yang Caijun Yang Caijun Yang Yu Fang Yu Fang Yu Fang |
| author_sort | Ali Hassan Gillani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundPakistan is among top countries for antibiotic consumption around the globe and patients often receive antibiotics directly from community pharmacies. Thus, our aim was to assess the drug dispensing practices of pharmacies for presumed and confirmed tuberculosis by using standardized patients’ method in Pakistan.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we adopted two standardized patient cases in pharmacies of three cities of Punjab. The first case involved a presumed tuberculosis patient presenting with 2–3 weeks of cough and fever (Case-1), and the second case involved a confirmed tuberculosis patient carrying microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis results (Case-2). The ideal management for Cases-1 and Case-2 is referral of standardized patients to a healthcare provider without dispensing antibiotics or steroids, or both. The differences in antibiotic use, steroid use, and the number of medicines dispensed in referred and non-referred patients between Case-1 and Case-2 were analyzed using descriptive statistics.ResultsBetween April 1, 2020, and July 31, 2020, standardized patients completed 575 out of 598 interactions among community pharmacies in Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Sialkot. We recorded ideal management in 115 (37.7%) of the 305 Case-1 interactions and 130 (48.1%) of the 270 Case-2 interactions. Antibiotic dispensing was higher in Case-1, with 71 out of 305 instances (23.3%), than in Case-2 interactions, with 27 out of 270 instances (10.0%). Anti-tuberculosis drugs were dispensed to 1 patient in Case-1 (0.3%) and to 19 patients (7.0%) in Case-2.ConclusionSlightly more than one-third of pharmacies in Punjab, Pakistan, ideally managed patients with presumed tuberculosis, but almost half of them ideally managed cases of confirmed tuberculosis. The presence of confirmed diagnosis slightly changes the behavior in the correct management of patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T16:03:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-119a1c25180147f78ef2a9652f395593 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-2565 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T16:03:11Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-119a1c25180147f78ef2a9652f3955932024-01-08T08:50:20ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652024-01-011110.3389/fpubh.2023.12415511241551Dispensing of antibiotics for tuberculosis patients using standardized patient approach at community pharmacies: results from a cross-sectional study in PakistanAli Hassan Gillani0Ali Hassan Gillani1Ali Hassan Gillani2Hafsa Arshad3Hafsa Arshad4Hafsa Arshad5Hasan Mujtaba6Muhammad Farooq Umer7Sen Xu8Sen Xu9Sen Xu10Wenjing Ji11Wenjing Ji12Wenjing Ji13Kamran Bashir14Jie Chang15Jie Chang16Jie Chang17Caijun Yang18Caijun Yang19Caijun Yang20Yu Fang21Yu Fang22Yu Fang23Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaCenter for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaShaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaCenter for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaShaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaDepartment of Pathology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, PakistanCollege of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Alahsa, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaCenter for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaShaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaCenter for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaShaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaCollege of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha Pakistan, Sargodha, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaCenter for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaShaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaCenter for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaShaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaCenter for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaShaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi’an, Shaanxi, ChinaBackgroundPakistan is among top countries for antibiotic consumption around the globe and patients often receive antibiotics directly from community pharmacies. Thus, our aim was to assess the drug dispensing practices of pharmacies for presumed and confirmed tuberculosis by using standardized patients’ method in Pakistan.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we adopted two standardized patient cases in pharmacies of three cities of Punjab. The first case involved a presumed tuberculosis patient presenting with 2–3 weeks of cough and fever (Case-1), and the second case involved a confirmed tuberculosis patient carrying microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis results (Case-2). The ideal management for Cases-1 and Case-2 is referral of standardized patients to a healthcare provider without dispensing antibiotics or steroids, or both. The differences in antibiotic use, steroid use, and the number of medicines dispensed in referred and non-referred patients between Case-1 and Case-2 were analyzed using descriptive statistics.ResultsBetween April 1, 2020, and July 31, 2020, standardized patients completed 575 out of 598 interactions among community pharmacies in Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Sialkot. We recorded ideal management in 115 (37.7%) of the 305 Case-1 interactions and 130 (48.1%) of the 270 Case-2 interactions. Antibiotic dispensing was higher in Case-1, with 71 out of 305 instances (23.3%), than in Case-2 interactions, with 27 out of 270 instances (10.0%). Anti-tuberculosis drugs were dispensed to 1 patient in Case-1 (0.3%) and to 19 patients (7.0%) in Case-2.ConclusionSlightly more than one-third of pharmacies in Punjab, Pakistan, ideally managed patients with presumed tuberculosis, but almost half of them ideally managed cases of confirmed tuberculosis. The presence of confirmed diagnosis slightly changes the behavior in the correct management of patients.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1241551/fulldispensing of antibioticstuberculosis patientsdispensing practicessimulated client approachcommunity pharmacies |
| spellingShingle | Ali Hassan Gillani Ali Hassan Gillani Ali Hassan Gillani Hafsa Arshad Hafsa Arshad Hafsa Arshad Hasan Mujtaba Muhammad Farooq Umer Sen Xu Sen Xu Sen Xu Wenjing Ji Wenjing Ji Wenjing Ji Kamran Bashir Jie Chang Jie Chang Jie Chang Caijun Yang Caijun Yang Caijun Yang Yu Fang Yu Fang Yu Fang Dispensing of antibiotics for tuberculosis patients using standardized patient approach at community pharmacies: results from a cross-sectional study in Pakistan Frontiers in Public Health dispensing of antibiotics tuberculosis patients dispensing practices simulated client approach community pharmacies |
| title | Dispensing of antibiotics for tuberculosis patients using standardized patient approach at community pharmacies: results from a cross-sectional study in Pakistan |
| title_full | Dispensing of antibiotics for tuberculosis patients using standardized patient approach at community pharmacies: results from a cross-sectional study in Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Dispensing of antibiotics for tuberculosis patients using standardized patient approach at community pharmacies: results from a cross-sectional study in Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dispensing of antibiotics for tuberculosis patients using standardized patient approach at community pharmacies: results from a cross-sectional study in Pakistan |
| title_short | Dispensing of antibiotics for tuberculosis patients using standardized patient approach at community pharmacies: results from a cross-sectional study in Pakistan |
| title_sort | dispensing of antibiotics for tuberculosis patients using standardized patient approach at community pharmacies results from a cross sectional study in pakistan |
| topic | dispensing of antibiotics tuberculosis patients dispensing practices simulated client approach community pharmacies |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1241551/full |
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