| Summary: | <i>Paeonia anomala</i> L. is a valuable and sought-after medicinal plant for treating therapeutic pathologies. The natural habitat of <i>P. anomala</i> in the Republic of Kazakhstan is located in the mountainous areas of the East Kazakhstan region. <i>P. anomala</i> is listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan as a rare species with limited distribution. In this regard, we studied a strategy for preserving the biological diversity of <i>P. anomala</i> wild population. In particular, the ecological, phytocenotic, and floristic characteristics of five <i>P. anomala</i> populations in East Kazakhstan were explored. The anatomical, morphological, and genetic variability of the species in various habitats was evaluated. Overall, the condition of the <i>P. anomala</i> population in the study region can be considered satisfactory. The floristic composition of <i>P. anomala</i> plant communities recorded 130 species belonging to 35 families and 101 genera. The northern slopes of mountains and shrub-grass communities with leached chernozem with high contents of N-NO<sub>3</sub> and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> appeared to be optimal for <i>P. anomala</i> growth. Asteraceae (13%), Rosaceae (13%), Poaceae (10%), and Ranunculaceae (9%) are the major families of <i>P. anomala</i> flora and plant communities. The Eurasian (54%), Asian (24%), and Holarctic (15%) groups were recognized as dominant in the chronological spectrum. Amplification with iPBS primers resulted in the generation of 505 fragments, 257 of which were polymorphic. Our research results indicate that the genetic differentiation of the Kazakhstan populations is not quite as high and may indicate their long-term existence within one large population. A separate branch is formed by the P5 population, which is located separately from other populations, confirming its genetic isolation. The analysis of genetic diversity iPBS markers suggests the existence of a large, unified <i>P. anomala</i> population in Kazakhstan Altai.
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