Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production
The growth of phytoplankton at high latitudes was generally thought to begin in open waters of the marginal ice zone once the highly reflective sea ice retreats in spring, solar elevation increases, and surface waters become stratified by the addition of sea-ice melt water. In fact, virtually all re...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.608032/full |
| _version_ | 1818255685675122688 |
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| author | Mathieu Ardyna Mathieu Ardyna C. J. Mundy Nicolas Mayot Nicolas Mayot Lisa C. Matthes Laurent Oziel Laurent Oziel Laurent Oziel Christopher Horvat Eva Leu Philipp Assmy Victoria Hill Patricia A. Matrai Matthew Gale Matthew Gale Igor A. Melnikov Kevin R. Arrigo |
| author_facet | Mathieu Ardyna Mathieu Ardyna C. J. Mundy Nicolas Mayot Nicolas Mayot Lisa C. Matthes Laurent Oziel Laurent Oziel Laurent Oziel Christopher Horvat Eva Leu Philipp Assmy Victoria Hill Patricia A. Matrai Matthew Gale Matthew Gale Igor A. Melnikov Kevin R. Arrigo |
| author_sort | Mathieu Ardyna |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The growth of phytoplankton at high latitudes was generally thought to begin in open waters of the marginal ice zone once the highly reflective sea ice retreats in spring, solar elevation increases, and surface waters become stratified by the addition of sea-ice melt water. In fact, virtually all recent large-scale estimates of primary production in the Arctic Ocean (AO) assume that phytoplankton production in the water column under sea ice is negligible. However, over the past two decades, an emerging literature showing significant under-ice phytoplankton production on a pan-Arctic scale has challenged our paradigms of Arctic phytoplankton ecology and phenology. This evidence, which builds on previous, but scarce reports, requires the Arctic scientific community to change its perception of traditional AO phenology and urgently revise it. In particular, it is essential to better comprehend, on small and large scales, the changing and variable icescapes, the under-ice light field and biogeochemical cycles during the transition from sea-ice covered to ice-free Arctic waters. Here, we provide a baseline of our current knowledge of under-ice blooms (UIBs), by defining their ecology and their environmental setting, but also their regional peculiarities (in terms of occurrence, magnitude, and assemblages), which is shaped by a complex AO. To this end, a multidisciplinary approach, i.e., combining expeditions and modern autonomous technologies, satellite, and modeling analyses, has been used to provide an overview of this pan-Arctic phenological feature, which will become increasingly important in future marine Arctic biogeochemical cycles. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T17:15:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-11bf296a7aa74257a0759cbb8ebbc57f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T17:15:48Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-11bf296a7aa74257a0759cbb8ebbc57f2022-12-22T00:17:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452020-11-01710.3389/fmars.2020.608032608032Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary ProductionMathieu Ardyna0Mathieu Ardyna1C. J. Mundy2Nicolas Mayot3Nicolas Mayot4Lisa C. Matthes5Laurent Oziel6Laurent Oziel7Laurent Oziel8Christopher Horvat9Eva Leu10Philipp Assmy11Victoria Hill12Patricia A. Matrai13Matthew Gale14Matthew Gale15Igor A. Melnikov16Kevin R. Arrigo17Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United StatesSorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Paris, FranceCentre for Earth Observation Science, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United StatesSchool of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United KingdomCentre for Earth Observation Science, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaSorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Paris, FranceTakuvik Joint International Laboratory, Laval University (Canada)—CNRS (France), UMI3376, Département de Biologie et Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC, CanadaAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, GermanyInstitute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, United StatesAkvaplan-niva, CIENS, Oslo, Norway0Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway1Department of Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United StatesBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United StatesCentre for Earth Observation Science, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada2Environmental Health Program, Health Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada3P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (RAS), Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United StatesThe growth of phytoplankton at high latitudes was generally thought to begin in open waters of the marginal ice zone once the highly reflective sea ice retreats in spring, solar elevation increases, and surface waters become stratified by the addition of sea-ice melt water. In fact, virtually all recent large-scale estimates of primary production in the Arctic Ocean (AO) assume that phytoplankton production in the water column under sea ice is negligible. However, over the past two decades, an emerging literature showing significant under-ice phytoplankton production on a pan-Arctic scale has challenged our paradigms of Arctic phytoplankton ecology and phenology. This evidence, which builds on previous, but scarce reports, requires the Arctic scientific community to change its perception of traditional AO phenology and urgently revise it. In particular, it is essential to better comprehend, on small and large scales, the changing and variable icescapes, the under-ice light field and biogeochemical cycles during the transition from sea-ice covered to ice-free Arctic waters. Here, we provide a baseline of our current knowledge of under-ice blooms (UIBs), by defining their ecology and their environmental setting, but also their regional peculiarities (in terms of occurrence, magnitude, and assemblages), which is shaped by a complex AO. To this end, a multidisciplinary approach, i.e., combining expeditions and modern autonomous technologies, satellite, and modeling analyses, has been used to provide an overview of this pan-Arctic phenological feature, which will become increasingly important in future marine Arctic biogeochemical cycles.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.608032/fullunder-ice phytoplankton bloomsbiogeochemical cyclesnutrientsea iceclimate changeArctic Ocean |
| spellingShingle | Mathieu Ardyna Mathieu Ardyna C. J. Mundy Nicolas Mayot Nicolas Mayot Lisa C. Matthes Laurent Oziel Laurent Oziel Laurent Oziel Christopher Horvat Eva Leu Philipp Assmy Victoria Hill Patricia A. Matrai Matthew Gale Matthew Gale Igor A. Melnikov Kevin R. Arrigo Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production Frontiers in Marine Science under-ice phytoplankton blooms biogeochemical cycles nutrient sea ice climate change Arctic Ocean |
| title | Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production |
| title_full | Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production |
| title_fullStr | Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production |
| title_short | Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the “Invisible” Part of Arctic Primary Production |
| title_sort | under ice phytoplankton blooms shedding light on the invisible part of arctic primary production |
| topic | under-ice phytoplankton blooms biogeochemical cycles nutrient sea ice climate change Arctic Ocean |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.608032/full |
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