A Review on the Role and Function of Cinnabarinic Acid, a “Forgotten” Metabolite of the Kynurenine Pathway
In the human body, the majority of tryptophan is metabolized through the kynurenine pathway. This consists of several metabolites collectively called the kynurenines and includes, among others, kynurenic acid, L-kynurenine, or quinolinic acid. The wealth of metabolites, as well as the associated mol...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/5/453 |
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| author | Kinga Gawel |
| author_facet | Kinga Gawel |
| author_sort | Kinga Gawel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the human body, the majority of tryptophan is metabolized through the kynurenine pathway. This consists of several metabolites collectively called the kynurenines and includes, among others, kynurenic acid, L-kynurenine, or quinolinic acid. The wealth of metabolites, as well as the associated molecular targets and biological pathways, bring about a situation wherein even a slight imbalance in the kynurenine levels, both in the periphery and central nervous system, have broad consequences regarding general health. Cinnabarinic acid (CA) is the least known trace kynurenine, and its physiological and pathological roles are not widely understood. Some studies, however, indicate that it might be neuroprotective. Information on its hepatoprotective properties have also emerged, although these are pioneering studies and need to be replicated. Therefore, in this review, I aim to present and critically discuss the current knowledge on CA and its role in physiological and pathological settings to guide future studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:32:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-11cd445569c7466da02e76caf3ec0c63 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:32:56Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-11cd445569c7466da02e76caf3ec0c632024-03-12T16:41:47ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092024-03-0113545310.3390/cells13050453A Review on the Role and Function of Cinnabarinic Acid, a “Forgotten” Metabolite of the Kynurenine PathwayKinga Gawel0Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b Str., 20-090 Lublin, PolandIn the human body, the majority of tryptophan is metabolized through the kynurenine pathway. This consists of several metabolites collectively called the kynurenines and includes, among others, kynurenic acid, L-kynurenine, or quinolinic acid. The wealth of metabolites, as well as the associated molecular targets and biological pathways, bring about a situation wherein even a slight imbalance in the kynurenine levels, both in the periphery and central nervous system, have broad consequences regarding general health. Cinnabarinic acid (CA) is the least known trace kynurenine, and its physiological and pathological roles are not widely understood. Some studies, however, indicate that it might be neuroprotective. Information on its hepatoprotective properties have also emerged, although these are pioneering studies and need to be replicated. Therefore, in this review, I aim to present and critically discuss the current knowledge on CA and its role in physiological and pathological settings to guide future studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/5/453kynurenine pathwaycinnabarinic acidaryl hydrocarbon receptormetabotropic glutamate receptorschizophrenia |
| spellingShingle | Kinga Gawel A Review on the Role and Function of Cinnabarinic Acid, a “Forgotten” Metabolite of the Kynurenine Pathway Cells kynurenine pathway cinnabarinic acid aryl hydrocarbon receptor metabotropic glutamate receptor schizophrenia |
| title | A Review on the Role and Function of Cinnabarinic Acid, a “Forgotten” Metabolite of the Kynurenine Pathway |
| title_full | A Review on the Role and Function of Cinnabarinic Acid, a “Forgotten” Metabolite of the Kynurenine Pathway |
| title_fullStr | A Review on the Role and Function of Cinnabarinic Acid, a “Forgotten” Metabolite of the Kynurenine Pathway |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review on the Role and Function of Cinnabarinic Acid, a “Forgotten” Metabolite of the Kynurenine Pathway |
| title_short | A Review on the Role and Function of Cinnabarinic Acid, a “Forgotten” Metabolite of the Kynurenine Pathway |
| title_sort | review on the role and function of cinnabarinic acid a forgotten metabolite of the kynurenine pathway |
| topic | kynurenine pathway cinnabarinic acid aryl hydrocarbon receptor metabotropic glutamate receptor schizophrenia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/5/453 |
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