Guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) Fruit Extract Prepared by Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction Inhibits Intestinal Glucose Resorption in a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Study
Inhibition of intestinal glucose resorption can serve as an effective strategy for the prevention of an increase in blood glucose levels. We have recently shown that various extracts prepared from guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) inhibit sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)- an...
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MDPI AG
2019-07-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/7/1512 |
| _version_ | 1811281759888736256 |
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| author | Alice König Bettina Schwarzinger Verena Stadlbauer Peter Lanzerstorfer Marcus Iken Clemens Schwarzinger Peter Kolb Stephan Schwarzinger Katharina Mörwald Susanne Brunner Otmar Höglinger Daniel Weghuber Julian Weghuber |
| author_facet | Alice König Bettina Schwarzinger Verena Stadlbauer Peter Lanzerstorfer Marcus Iken Clemens Schwarzinger Peter Kolb Stephan Schwarzinger Katharina Mörwald Susanne Brunner Otmar Höglinger Daniel Weghuber Julian Weghuber |
| author_sort | Alice König |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Inhibition of intestinal glucose resorption can serve as an effective strategy for the prevention of an increase in blood glucose levels. We have recently shown that various extracts prepared from guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) inhibit sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)- and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2)-mediated glucose transport in vitro (Caco-2 cells) and in vivo (C57BL/6N mice). However, the efficacy in humans remains to be confirmed. For this purpose, we conducted a parallelized, randomized clinical study with young healthy adults. Thirty-one volunteers performed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in which the control group received a glucose solution and the intervention group received a glucose solution containing a guava fruit extract prepared by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction. The exact same extract was used for our previous in vitro and in vivo experiments. Blood samples were collected prior to and up to two hours after glucose consumption to quantitate blood glucose and insulin levels. Our results show that, in comparison to the control group, consumption of guava fruit extract resulted in a significantly reduced increase in postprandial glucose response over the basal fasting plasma glucose levels after 30 min (Δ control 2.60 ± 1.09 mmol/L versus Δ intervention 1.96 ± 0.96 mmol/L; <i>p</i> = 0.039) and 90 min (Δ control 0.44 ± 0.74 mmol/L versus Δ intervention −0.18 ± 0.88 mmol/L; <i>p</i> = 0.023). In addition, we observed a slightly reduced, but non-significant insulin secretion (Δ control 353.82 ± 183.31 pmol/L versus Δ intervention 288.43 ± 126.19 pmol/L, <i>p</i> = 0.302). Interestingly, storage time and repeated freeze-thawing operations appeared to negatively influence the efficacy of the applied extract. Several analytical methods (HPLC-MS, GC-MS, and NMR) were applied to identify putative bioactive compounds in the CO<sub>2</sub> extract used. We could assign several substances at relevant concentrations including kojic acid (0.33 mg/mL) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (2.76 mg/mL). Taken together, this clinical trial and previous in vitro and in vivo experiments confirm the efficacy of our guava fruit extract in inhibiting intestinal glucose resorption, possibly in combination with reduced insulin secretion. Based on these findings, the development of food supplements or functional foods containing this extract appears promising for patients with diabetes and for the prevention of insulin resistance. Trial registration: 415-E/2319/15-2018 (Ethics Commissions of Salzburg). |
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| spelling | doaj.art-11e75ec233bc4cdebc9ea6593d7cfd472022-12-22T03:08:13ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432019-07-01117151210.3390/nu11071512nu11071512Guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) Fruit Extract Prepared by Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction Inhibits Intestinal Glucose Resorption in a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical StudyAlice König0Bettina Schwarzinger1Verena Stadlbauer2Peter Lanzerstorfer3Marcus Iken4Clemens Schwarzinger5Peter Kolb6Stephan Schwarzinger7Katharina Mörwald8Susanne Brunner9Otmar Höglinger10Daniel Weghuber11Julian Weghuber12University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, AustriaUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, AustriaUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, AustriaUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, AustriaPM International AG, 5445 Schengen, LuxembourgJohannes Kepler University, Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, 4040 Linz, AustriaNBNC—North Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, GermanyNBNC—North Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, GermanyObesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, AustriaObesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, AustriaUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, AustriaObesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, AustriaUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, AustriaInhibition of intestinal glucose resorption can serve as an effective strategy for the prevention of an increase in blood glucose levels. We have recently shown that various extracts prepared from guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) inhibit sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)- and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2)-mediated glucose transport in vitro (Caco-2 cells) and in vivo (C57BL/6N mice). However, the efficacy in humans remains to be confirmed. For this purpose, we conducted a parallelized, randomized clinical study with young healthy adults. Thirty-one volunteers performed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in which the control group received a glucose solution and the intervention group received a glucose solution containing a guava fruit extract prepared by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction. The exact same extract was used for our previous in vitro and in vivo experiments. Blood samples were collected prior to and up to two hours after glucose consumption to quantitate blood glucose and insulin levels. Our results show that, in comparison to the control group, consumption of guava fruit extract resulted in a significantly reduced increase in postprandial glucose response over the basal fasting plasma glucose levels after 30 min (Δ control 2.60 ± 1.09 mmol/L versus Δ intervention 1.96 ± 0.96 mmol/L; <i>p</i> = 0.039) and 90 min (Δ control 0.44 ± 0.74 mmol/L versus Δ intervention −0.18 ± 0.88 mmol/L; <i>p</i> = 0.023). In addition, we observed a slightly reduced, but non-significant insulin secretion (Δ control 353.82 ± 183.31 pmol/L versus Δ intervention 288.43 ± 126.19 pmol/L, <i>p</i> = 0.302). Interestingly, storage time and repeated freeze-thawing operations appeared to negatively influence the efficacy of the applied extract. Several analytical methods (HPLC-MS, GC-MS, and NMR) were applied to identify putative bioactive compounds in the CO<sub>2</sub> extract used. We could assign several substances at relevant concentrations including kojic acid (0.33 mg/mL) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (2.76 mg/mL). Taken together, this clinical trial and previous in vitro and in vivo experiments confirm the efficacy of our guava fruit extract in inhibiting intestinal glucose resorption, possibly in combination with reduced insulin secretion. Based on these findings, the development of food supplements or functional foods containing this extract appears promising for patients with diabetes and for the prevention of insulin resistance. Trial registration: 415-E/2319/15-2018 (Ethics Commissions of Salzburg).https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/7/1512guava extractoral glucose tolerance testtype 2 diabetes mellitussupercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction |
| spellingShingle | Alice König Bettina Schwarzinger Verena Stadlbauer Peter Lanzerstorfer Marcus Iken Clemens Schwarzinger Peter Kolb Stephan Schwarzinger Katharina Mörwald Susanne Brunner Otmar Höglinger Daniel Weghuber Julian Weghuber Guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) Fruit Extract Prepared by Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction Inhibits Intestinal Glucose Resorption in a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Study Nutrients guava extract oral glucose tolerance test type 2 diabetes mellitus supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction |
| title | Guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) Fruit Extract Prepared by Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction Inhibits Intestinal Glucose Resorption in a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Study |
| title_full | Guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) Fruit Extract Prepared by Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction Inhibits Intestinal Glucose Resorption in a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Study |
| title_fullStr | Guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) Fruit Extract Prepared by Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction Inhibits Intestinal Glucose Resorption in a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) Fruit Extract Prepared by Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction Inhibits Intestinal Glucose Resorption in a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Study |
| title_short | Guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) Fruit Extract Prepared by Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction Inhibits Intestinal Glucose Resorption in a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Study |
| title_sort | guava i psidium guajava i fruit extract prepared by supercritical co sub 2 sub extraction inhibits intestinal glucose resorption in a double blind randomized clinical study |
| topic | guava extract oral glucose tolerance test type 2 diabetes mellitus supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/7/1512 |
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