The Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin in Defense against Ganoderma boninense Colonized Root Tissues in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Basal stem rot, caused by the basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is an economically devastating disease in Malaysia. Our study investigated the changes in lignin content and composition along with activity and expression of the phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes and genes in oil palm root tissu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2017-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.01395/full |
| _version_ | 1811218346879746048 |
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| author | Nisha T. Govender Nisha T. Govender Maziah Mahmood Idris A. Seman Mui-Yun Wong Mui-Yun Wong |
| author_facet | Nisha T. Govender Nisha T. Govender Maziah Mahmood Idris A. Seman Mui-Yun Wong Mui-Yun Wong |
| author_sort | Nisha T. Govender |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Basal stem rot, caused by the basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is an economically devastating disease in Malaysia. Our study investigated the changes in lignin content and composition along with activity and expression of the phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes and genes in oil palm root tissues during G. boninense infection. We sampled control (non-inoculated) and infected (inoculated) seedlings at seven time points [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-inoculation (wpi)] in a randomized design. The expression profiles of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and peroxidase (POD) genes were monitored at 1, 2, and 3 wpi using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Seedlings at 4, 8, and 12 wpi were screened for lignin content, lignin composition, enzyme activities (PAL, CAD, and POD), growth (weight and height), and disease severity (DS). Gene expression analysis demonstrated up-regulation of PAL, CAD, and POD genes in the infected seedlings, relative to the control seedlings at 1, 2, and 3 wpi. At 2 and 3 wpi, CAD showed highest transcript levels compared to PAL and POD. DS increased progressively throughout sampling, with 5, 34, and 69% at 4, 8, and 12 wpi, respectively. Fresh weight and height of the infected seedlings were significantly lower compared to the control seedlings at 8 and 12 wpi. Lignin content of the infected seedlings at 4 wpi was significantly higher than the control seedlings, remained elicited with no change at 8 wpi, and then collapsed with a significant reduction at 12 wpi. The nitrobenzene oxidation products of oil palm root lignin yielded both syringyl and guaiacyl monomers. Accumulation of lignin in the infected seedlings was in parallel to increased syringyl monomers, at 4 and 8 wpi. The activities of PAL and CAD enzymes in the infected seedlings at DS = 5–34% were significantly higher than the control seedlings and thereafter collapsed at DS = 69%. |
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| id | doaj.art-11e87e3c3cc8465eb5199c231b083d1e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T07:09:03Z |
| publishDate | 2017-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-11e87e3c3cc8465eb5199c231b083d1e2022-12-22T03:42:41ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2017-08-01810.3389/fpls.2017.01395248848The Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin in Defense against Ganoderma boninense Colonized Root Tissues in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)Nisha T. Govender0Nisha T. Govender1Maziah Mahmood2Idris A. Seman3Mui-Yun Wong4Mui-Yun Wong5Institute of Plantation Studies (IKP), Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, MalaysiaSchool of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangi, MalaysiaDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, MalaysiaGanoderma and Disease Research of Oil Palm (GANODROP) Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil BoardBandar Baru Bangi, MalaysiaInstitute of Plantation Studies (IKP), Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, MalaysiaDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, MalaysiaBasal stem rot, caused by the basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is an economically devastating disease in Malaysia. Our study investigated the changes in lignin content and composition along with activity and expression of the phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes and genes in oil palm root tissues during G. boninense infection. We sampled control (non-inoculated) and infected (inoculated) seedlings at seven time points [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-inoculation (wpi)] in a randomized design. The expression profiles of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and peroxidase (POD) genes were monitored at 1, 2, and 3 wpi using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Seedlings at 4, 8, and 12 wpi were screened for lignin content, lignin composition, enzyme activities (PAL, CAD, and POD), growth (weight and height), and disease severity (DS). Gene expression analysis demonstrated up-regulation of PAL, CAD, and POD genes in the infected seedlings, relative to the control seedlings at 1, 2, and 3 wpi. At 2 and 3 wpi, CAD showed highest transcript levels compared to PAL and POD. DS increased progressively throughout sampling, with 5, 34, and 69% at 4, 8, and 12 wpi, respectively. Fresh weight and height of the infected seedlings were significantly lower compared to the control seedlings at 8 and 12 wpi. Lignin content of the infected seedlings at 4 wpi was significantly higher than the control seedlings, remained elicited with no change at 8 wpi, and then collapsed with a significant reduction at 12 wpi. The nitrobenzene oxidation products of oil palm root lignin yielded both syringyl and guaiacyl monomers. Accumulation of lignin in the infected seedlings was in parallel to increased syringyl monomers, at 4 and 8 wpi. The activities of PAL and CAD enzymes in the infected seedlings at DS = 5–34% were significantly higher than the control seedlings and thereafter collapsed at DS = 69%.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.01395/fullbasal stem rotcinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD)guaiacylligninperoxidase (POD)phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) |
| spellingShingle | Nisha T. Govender Nisha T. Govender Maziah Mahmood Idris A. Seman Mui-Yun Wong Mui-Yun Wong The Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin in Defense against Ganoderma boninense Colonized Root Tissues in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Frontiers in Plant Science basal stem rot cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) guaiacyl lignin peroxidase (POD) phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) |
| title | The Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin in Defense against Ganoderma boninense Colonized Root Tissues in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) |
| title_full | The Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin in Defense against Ganoderma boninense Colonized Root Tissues in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) |
| title_fullStr | The Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin in Defense against Ganoderma boninense Colonized Root Tissues in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin in Defense against Ganoderma boninense Colonized Root Tissues in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) |
| title_short | The Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Lignin in Defense against Ganoderma boninense Colonized Root Tissues in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) |
| title_sort | phenylpropanoid pathway and lignin in defense against ganoderma boninense colonized root tissues in oil palm elaeis guineensis jacq |
| topic | basal stem rot cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) guaiacyl lignin peroxidase (POD) phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.01395/full |
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