Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account?
Skin plays crucial roles in the human body: besides protecting the organism from external threats, it acts as a thermal regulator, is responsible for the sense of touch, hosts microbial communities (the skin microbiota) involved in preventing the invasion of foreign pathogens, contains immunocompete...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1165 |
| _version_ | 1797339725031276544 |
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| author | Andrea Galvan Carlo Pellicciari Laura Calderan |
| author_facet | Andrea Galvan Carlo Pellicciari Laura Calderan |
| author_sort | Andrea Galvan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Skin plays crucial roles in the human body: besides protecting the organism from external threats, it acts as a thermal regulator, is responsible for the sense of touch, hosts microbial communities (the skin microbiota) involved in preventing the invasion of foreign pathogens, contains immunocompetent cells that maintain a healthy immunogenic/tolerogenic balance, and is a suitable route for drug administration. In the skin, four defense levels can be identified: besides the physical, chemical, and immune barriers that are inherent to the tissue, the skin microbiota (i.e., the numerous microorganisms living on the skin surface) provides an additional barrier. Studying the skin barrier function or the effects of drugs or cosmetic agents on human skin is a difficult task since snapshot evidence can only be obtained using bioptic samples where dynamic processes cannot properly be followed. To overcome these limitations, many different in vitro models of human skin have been developed that are characterized by diverse levels of complexity in terms of chemical, structural, and cellular composition. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different human skin models so far available and to underline how the insertion of a proper microbiota would positively impact an in vitro human skin model in an attempt to better mimic conditions in vivo. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:52:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-11eece5d837a4910a3117d96e32bf1b8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:52:31Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-11eece5d837a4910a3117d96e32bf1b82024-01-29T13:57:40ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-01-01252116510.3390/ijms25021165Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account?Andrea Galvan0Carlo Pellicciari1Laura Calderan2Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, ItalySkin plays crucial roles in the human body: besides protecting the organism from external threats, it acts as a thermal regulator, is responsible for the sense of touch, hosts microbial communities (the skin microbiota) involved in preventing the invasion of foreign pathogens, contains immunocompetent cells that maintain a healthy immunogenic/tolerogenic balance, and is a suitable route for drug administration. In the skin, four defense levels can be identified: besides the physical, chemical, and immune barriers that are inherent to the tissue, the skin microbiota (i.e., the numerous microorganisms living on the skin surface) provides an additional barrier. Studying the skin barrier function or the effects of drugs or cosmetic agents on human skin is a difficult task since snapshot evidence can only be obtained using bioptic samples where dynamic processes cannot properly be followed. To overcome these limitations, many different in vitro models of human skin have been developed that are characterized by diverse levels of complexity in terms of chemical, structural, and cellular composition. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different human skin models so far available and to underline how the insertion of a proper microbiota would positively impact an in vitro human skin model in an attempt to better mimic conditions in vivo.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1165human skinin vitro modelsskin microbiotabiological barriers |
| spellingShingle | Andrea Galvan Carlo Pellicciari Laura Calderan Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? International Journal of Molecular Sciences human skin in vitro models skin microbiota biological barriers |
| title | Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? |
| title_full | Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? |
| title_fullStr | Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? |
| title_short | Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? |
| title_sort | recreating human skin in vitro should the microbiota be taken into account |
| topic | human skin in vitro models skin microbiota biological barriers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1165 |
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