Multi-Mycotoxin Method Development Using Ultra-High Liquid Chromatography with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection in Breakfast Cereals from the Campania Region, Italy
Breakfast cereals have been reported as one of the most susceptible cereal-based products to mycotoxin contamination. These products pose an even more concerning risk to human health since they are marketed as a ready-to-eat product and one of its main population targets is children. Therefore, the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/148 |
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| author | Alfonso Narváez Luana Izzo Luigi Castaldo Sonia Lombardi Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco Alberto Ritieni |
| author_facet | Alfonso Narváez Luana Izzo Luigi Castaldo Sonia Lombardi Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco Alberto Ritieni |
| author_sort | Alfonso Narváez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Breakfast cereals have been reported as one of the most susceptible cereal-based products to mycotoxin contamination. These products pose an even more concerning risk to human health since they are marketed as a ready-to-eat product and one of its main population targets is children. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to conduct a monitoring study of multiple mycotoxins contained in breakfast cereals samples marketed in Italy through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution Q-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. An acetonitrile-based methodology was validated for quantifying 24 mycotoxins in breakfast cereals. The results showed that 93% of the samples contained at least one mycotoxin. Beauvericin was the most prevalent toxin (86% of samples; mean concentration: 30.66 µg/kg), although the main enniatins, zearalenone-derived forms and fumonisins B1 and B2 were also detected. Co-occurrence was observed in 73% of the positive samples with up to five mycotoxins simultaneously occurring, mainly due to the combination of beauvericin and enniatins. These results provided more evidence about the high impact of non-regulated mycotoxins, such as the emerging <i>Fusarium</i> toxins, in breakfast cereals, and encourages the development of analytical methodologies including these and zearalenone-derived forms that could be going unnoticed with current methodologies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-11f3d735c5da4f9f8e3fc3d0727c883b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-11f3d735c5da4f9f8e3fc3d0727c883b2023-11-16T23:39:12ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-02-0115214810.3390/toxins15020148Multi-Mycotoxin Method Development Using Ultra-High Liquid Chromatography with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection in Breakfast Cereals from the Campania Region, ItalyAlfonso Narváez0Luana Izzo1Luigi Castaldo2Sonia Lombardi3Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco4Alberto Ritieni5Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, ItalyLaboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, SpainDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, ItalyBreakfast cereals have been reported as one of the most susceptible cereal-based products to mycotoxin contamination. These products pose an even more concerning risk to human health since they are marketed as a ready-to-eat product and one of its main population targets is children. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to conduct a monitoring study of multiple mycotoxins contained in breakfast cereals samples marketed in Italy through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution Q-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. An acetonitrile-based methodology was validated for quantifying 24 mycotoxins in breakfast cereals. The results showed that 93% of the samples contained at least one mycotoxin. Beauvericin was the most prevalent toxin (86% of samples; mean concentration: 30.66 µg/kg), although the main enniatins, zearalenone-derived forms and fumonisins B1 and B2 were also detected. Co-occurrence was observed in 73% of the positive samples with up to five mycotoxins simultaneously occurring, mainly due to the combination of beauvericin and enniatins. These results provided more evidence about the high impact of non-regulated mycotoxins, such as the emerging <i>Fusarium</i> toxins, in breakfast cereals, and encourages the development of analytical methodologies including these and zearalenone-derived forms that could be going unnoticed with current methodologies.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/148food safetybreakfast cerealshigh-resolution mass spectrometrymycotoxins |
| spellingShingle | Alfonso Narváez Luana Izzo Luigi Castaldo Sonia Lombardi Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco Alberto Ritieni Multi-Mycotoxin Method Development Using Ultra-High Liquid Chromatography with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection in Breakfast Cereals from the Campania Region, Italy Toxins food safety breakfast cereals high-resolution mass spectrometry mycotoxins |
| title | Multi-Mycotoxin Method Development Using Ultra-High Liquid Chromatography with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection in Breakfast Cereals from the Campania Region, Italy |
| title_full | Multi-Mycotoxin Method Development Using Ultra-High Liquid Chromatography with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection in Breakfast Cereals from the Campania Region, Italy |
| title_fullStr | Multi-Mycotoxin Method Development Using Ultra-High Liquid Chromatography with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection in Breakfast Cereals from the Campania Region, Italy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multi-Mycotoxin Method Development Using Ultra-High Liquid Chromatography with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection in Breakfast Cereals from the Campania Region, Italy |
| title_short | Multi-Mycotoxin Method Development Using Ultra-High Liquid Chromatography with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection in Breakfast Cereals from the Campania Region, Italy |
| title_sort | multi mycotoxin method development using ultra high liquid chromatography with orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry detection in breakfast cereals from the campania region italy |
| topic | food safety breakfast cereals high-resolution mass spectrometry mycotoxins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/148 |
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