Variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) population of Thailand
We analyzed the content of mitragynine (MG) found in kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) and the influence of different environmental conditions (air and soil variables) on the yield in various regions of Thailand. The content of MG in kratom leaves ranged from 7.5 – 26.6 mg g-1 of dry leaf weight. C...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-10-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1028547/full |
| _version_ | 1811336062324178944 |
|---|---|
| author | Nisa Leksungnoen Nisa Leksungnoen Nisa Leksungnoen Tushar Andriyas Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay Suwimon Uthairatsamee Phruet Racharak Weerasin Sonjaroon Roger Kjelgren Brian J. Pearson Christopher R. McCurdy Abhisheak Sharma |
| author_facet | Nisa Leksungnoen Nisa Leksungnoen Nisa Leksungnoen Tushar Andriyas Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay Suwimon Uthairatsamee Phruet Racharak Weerasin Sonjaroon Roger Kjelgren Brian J. Pearson Christopher R. McCurdy Abhisheak Sharma |
| author_sort | Nisa Leksungnoen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We analyzed the content of mitragynine (MG) found in kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) and the influence of different environmental conditions (air and soil variables) on the yield in various regions of Thailand. The content of MG in kratom leaves ranged from 7.5 – 26.6 mg g-1 of dry leaf weight. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the most significant environmental variables affecting the MG content among the various regions were light intensity, relative humidity, soil volumetric water content (VW), soil pH, and calcium. This study is a first step towards providing information about environmental conditions suitable to maximize the quality and quantity of bioactive alkaloids in kratom. Future studies should focus on leaf collection and the post-harvest processes in order to assure the desired alkaloidal content in finished products, when produced under suitable environmental conditions identified in this study. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T17:33:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-12288d21dc6446fb9d25660c099af8a5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T17:33:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-12288d21dc6446fb9d25660c099af8a52022-12-22T02:37:28ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2022-10-011310.3389/fpls.2022.10285471028547Variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) population of ThailandNisa Leksungnoen0Nisa Leksungnoen1Nisa Leksungnoen2Tushar Andriyas3Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay4Suwimon Uthairatsamee5Phruet Racharak6Weerasin Sonjaroon7Roger Kjelgren8Brian J. Pearson9Christopher R. McCurdy10Abhisheak Sharma11Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandKasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Advance Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandSchool of Integrated Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, ThailandThe University of Florida (UF)/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Department of Environmental Horticulture, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United StatesThe University of Florida (UF)/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Department of Environmental Horticulture, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United StatesDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United StatesDepartment of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United StatesWe analyzed the content of mitragynine (MG) found in kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) and the influence of different environmental conditions (air and soil variables) on the yield in various regions of Thailand. The content of MG in kratom leaves ranged from 7.5 – 26.6 mg g-1 of dry leaf weight. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the most significant environmental variables affecting the MG content among the various regions were light intensity, relative humidity, soil volumetric water content (VW), soil pH, and calcium. This study is a first step towards providing information about environmental conditions suitable to maximize the quality and quantity of bioactive alkaloids in kratom. Future studies should focus on leaf collection and the post-harvest processes in order to assure the desired alkaloidal content in finished products, when produced under suitable environmental conditions identified in this study.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1028547/fullMitragyna speciosakratommitragyninecanonical correspondence analysis (CCA)environmental factors |
| spellingShingle | Nisa Leksungnoen Nisa Leksungnoen Nisa Leksungnoen Tushar Andriyas Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay Suwimon Uthairatsamee Phruet Racharak Weerasin Sonjaroon Roger Kjelgren Brian J. Pearson Christopher R. McCurdy Abhisheak Sharma Variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) population of Thailand Frontiers in Plant Science Mitragyna speciosa kratom mitragynine canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) environmental factors |
| title | Variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) population of Thailand |
| title_full | Variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) population of Thailand |
| title_fullStr | Variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) population of Thailand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) population of Thailand |
| title_short | Variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) population of Thailand |
| title_sort | variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing kratom mitragyna speciosa population of thailand |
| topic | Mitragyna speciosa kratom mitragynine canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) environmental factors |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1028547/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nisaleksungnoen variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT nisaleksungnoen variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT nisaleksungnoen variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT tusharandriyas variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT chatchaingernsaengsaruay variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT suwimonuthairatsamee variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT phruetracharak variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT weerasinsonjaroon variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT rogerkjelgren variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT brianjpearson variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT christopherrmccurdy variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand AT abhisheaksharma variationsinmitragyninecontentinthenaturallygrowingkratommitragynaspeciosapopulationofthailand |