Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Porous Membrane Packed Dried Fish Samples: Method Development and Greenness Evaluation
In this work, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was utilized for extraction of organochlorine pesticides from membrane-protected dried fish samples. The dried fish samples were packed inside a porous membrane bag which was immersed in a solvent and subjected to ultrasonication. After the extrac...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/4/233 |
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| author | Muhammad Sajid Khalid Alhooshani |
| author_facet | Muhammad Sajid Khalid Alhooshani |
| author_sort | Muhammad Sajid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was utilized for extraction of organochlorine pesticides from membrane-protected dried fish samples. The dried fish samples were packed inside a porous membrane bag which was immersed in a solvent and subjected to ultrasonication. After the extraction process, the sample-containing bag was separated from the extract. Since samples were packed inside the membrane, their separation did not require centrifugation or filtration. Moreover, the complex components of the biota matrix may also retain inside the porous membrane bag, alleviating the requirement of extract cleanup before analysis. The parameters that can affect the ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of membrane-protected dried fish samples were suitably optimized. These parameters include the extraction solvent and its volume, the sample amount, ultrasound intensity and extraction time. Under the optimum extraction conditions, good linearity was achieved for all the tested organochlorine pesticides, with the coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) higher than 0.9922 for the linear ranges from 5–1000, 10–1000 and 20–1000 ng/g. The values of intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were ≤13.8%. The limit of detection ranged from 1.5 to 6.8 ng/g. The spiked relative recoveries were in the range of 87.3–104.2%. This method demonstrated excellent figures of merit and could find potential applications in routine analytical laboratories. Finally, the greenness of this method was evaluated using the green analytical procedure index and analytical greenness calculator metrics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:31:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-123b43d9603b4903b5ba38d69b33886b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-8739 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:31:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj.art-123b43d9603b4903b5ba38d69b33886b2023-11-17T21:20:21ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392023-04-0110423310.3390/separations10040233Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Porous Membrane Packed Dried Fish Samples: Method Development and Greenness EvaluationMuhammad Sajid0Khalid Alhooshani1Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi ArabiaChemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi ArabiaIn this work, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was utilized for extraction of organochlorine pesticides from membrane-protected dried fish samples. The dried fish samples were packed inside a porous membrane bag which was immersed in a solvent and subjected to ultrasonication. After the extraction process, the sample-containing bag was separated from the extract. Since samples were packed inside the membrane, their separation did not require centrifugation or filtration. Moreover, the complex components of the biota matrix may also retain inside the porous membrane bag, alleviating the requirement of extract cleanup before analysis. The parameters that can affect the ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of membrane-protected dried fish samples were suitably optimized. These parameters include the extraction solvent and its volume, the sample amount, ultrasound intensity and extraction time. Under the optimum extraction conditions, good linearity was achieved for all the tested organochlorine pesticides, with the coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) higher than 0.9922 for the linear ranges from 5–1000, 10–1000 and 20–1000 ng/g. The values of intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were ≤13.8%. The limit of detection ranged from 1.5 to 6.8 ng/g. The spiked relative recoveries were in the range of 87.3–104.2%. This method demonstrated excellent figures of merit and could find potential applications in routine analytical laboratories. Finally, the greenness of this method was evaluated using the green analytical procedure index and analytical greenness calculator metrics.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/4/233membrane-protected extractionpesticide analysisultrasound-assisted solvent extractionorganic solvent-enhanced extractionfood analysis |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Sajid Khalid Alhooshani Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Porous Membrane Packed Dried Fish Samples: Method Development and Greenness Evaluation Separations membrane-protected extraction pesticide analysis ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction organic solvent-enhanced extraction food analysis |
| title | Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Porous Membrane Packed Dried Fish Samples: Method Development and Greenness Evaluation |
| title_full | Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Porous Membrane Packed Dried Fish Samples: Method Development and Greenness Evaluation |
| title_fullStr | Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Porous Membrane Packed Dried Fish Samples: Method Development and Greenness Evaluation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Porous Membrane Packed Dried Fish Samples: Method Development and Greenness Evaluation |
| title_short | Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Porous Membrane Packed Dried Fish Samples: Method Development and Greenness Evaluation |
| title_sort | extraction of organochlorine pesticides from porous membrane packed dried fish samples method development and greenness evaluation |
| topic | membrane-protected extraction pesticide analysis ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction organic solvent-enhanced extraction food analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/4/233 |
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