Comprehensive Evaluation of the Volatomic Fingerprint of Saffron from Campania towards Its Authenticity and Quality
The volatile profiles of eight saffron samples (seven cultivated and one spontaneous) grown in different geographical districts within the Campania region (southern Italy) were compared. Using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), over...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/3/366 |
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| author | Rosaria Cozzolino Matteo Stocchero Rosa Perestrelo José S. Câmara |
| author_facet | Rosaria Cozzolino Matteo Stocchero Rosa Perestrelo José S. Câmara |
| author_sort | Rosaria Cozzolino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The volatile profiles of eight saffron samples (seven cultivated and one spontaneous) grown in different geographical districts within the Campania region (southern Italy) were compared. Using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), overall, 80 volatiles were identified in the eight landraces. Among them, safranal and its isomers and other related compounds such as isophorones, which are not only key odorants but also pharmacologically active metabolites, have been detected in all the investigated samples. Principal Component Analysis performed on the volatiles’ compounds revealed that the spontaneous sample turned out to be an outlier. In particular, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile of the spontaneous saffron presented four lilac aldehydes and four lilac alcohol isomers, which, to the authors’ knowledge, have never been identified in the volatile signature of this spice. The multivariate statistical analysis allowed the discrimination of the seven cultivate saffron ecotypes in four well-separated clusters according to variety. Moreover, 20 VOCs, able to differentiate the clusters in terms of single volatile metabolite, were discovered. Altogether, these results could contribute to identifying possible volatile signature metabolites (biomarkers) or patterns that discriminate saffron samples grown in Campania region on a molecular basis, encouraging future biodiversity programs to preserve saffron landraces revealing valuable genetic resources. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:53:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-124711f1db9e429d8719f7242a891d67 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:53:12Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-124711f1db9e429d8719f7242a891d672023-11-23T16:29:44ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-01-0111336610.3390/foods11030366Comprehensive Evaluation of the Volatomic Fingerprint of Saffron from Campania towards Its Authenticity and QualityRosaria Cozzolino0Matteo Stocchero1Rosa Perestrelo2José S. Câmara3National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Food Science, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, ItalyDepartment of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, ItalyCentro de Química da Madeira—CQM, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, PortugalCentro de Química da Madeira—CQM, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, PortugalThe volatile profiles of eight saffron samples (seven cultivated and one spontaneous) grown in different geographical districts within the Campania region (southern Italy) were compared. Using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), overall, 80 volatiles were identified in the eight landraces. Among them, safranal and its isomers and other related compounds such as isophorones, which are not only key odorants but also pharmacologically active metabolites, have been detected in all the investigated samples. Principal Component Analysis performed on the volatiles’ compounds revealed that the spontaneous sample turned out to be an outlier. In particular, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile of the spontaneous saffron presented four lilac aldehydes and four lilac alcohol isomers, which, to the authors’ knowledge, have never been identified in the volatile signature of this spice. The multivariate statistical analysis allowed the discrimination of the seven cultivate saffron ecotypes in four well-separated clusters according to variety. Moreover, 20 VOCs, able to differentiate the clusters in terms of single volatile metabolite, were discovered. Altogether, these results could contribute to identifying possible volatile signature metabolites (biomarkers) or patterns that discriminate saffron samples grown in Campania region on a molecular basis, encouraging future biodiversity programs to preserve saffron landraces revealing valuable genetic resources.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/3/366<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.volatile organic compoundsheadspace solid-phase microextractiongas chromatography mass spectrometrymultivariate statistical analysis |
| spellingShingle | Rosaria Cozzolino Matteo Stocchero Rosa Perestrelo José S. Câmara Comprehensive Evaluation of the Volatomic Fingerprint of Saffron from Campania towards Its Authenticity and Quality Foods <i>Crocus sativus</i> L. volatile organic compounds headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry multivariate statistical analysis |
| title | Comprehensive Evaluation of the Volatomic Fingerprint of Saffron from Campania towards Its Authenticity and Quality |
| title_full | Comprehensive Evaluation of the Volatomic Fingerprint of Saffron from Campania towards Its Authenticity and Quality |
| title_fullStr | Comprehensive Evaluation of the Volatomic Fingerprint of Saffron from Campania towards Its Authenticity and Quality |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comprehensive Evaluation of the Volatomic Fingerprint of Saffron from Campania towards Its Authenticity and Quality |
| title_short | Comprehensive Evaluation of the Volatomic Fingerprint of Saffron from Campania towards Its Authenticity and Quality |
| title_sort | comprehensive evaluation of the volatomic fingerprint of saffron from campania towards its authenticity and quality |
| topic | <i>Crocus sativus</i> L. volatile organic compounds headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry multivariate statistical analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/3/366 |
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