Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors
Jemal Yasin,1 Getnet Ayalew,1 Mulat Dagnaw,1 Getachew Shiferaw,2 Feleke Mekonnen3 1Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Eth...
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| Format: | Article |
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Dove Medical Press
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Infection and Drug Resistance |
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| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/vulvovaginitis-prevalence-among-women-in-gondar-northwest-ethiopia-spe-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR |
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| author | Yasin J Ayalew G Dagnaw M Shiferaw G Mekonnen F |
| author_facet | Yasin J Ayalew G Dagnaw M Shiferaw G Mekonnen F |
| author_sort | Yasin J |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Jemal Yasin,1 Getnet Ayalew,1 Mulat Dagnaw,1 Getachew Shiferaw,2 Feleke Mekonnen3 1Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Getnet AyalewDepartment of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box: 196, Gondar, EthiopiaTel +251-918-73-00-13Email aget2289@gmail.comBackground: Genital tract infections are posing a series of public health challenges for women in both developed and developing countries. Microbial infections of the vagina can lead to serious medical complications such as preterm labor, amniotic fluid infection, premature rupture of the fetal membranes, and low birth weight of the neonate, leading to high perinatal morbidity and mortality. In Ethiopia, limited information is found on the burden, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and associated factors for aerobic vaginitis. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the burden of AV, antimicrobial susceptibility profile of aerobic bacterial isolates and associated factors among women attending Gondar town health facilities, northwest Ethiopia.Methods: A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 214 study participants from February 1 to May 31, 2019. For all consecutive women, demographic variables were collected using a structured questionnaire and two vaginal swabs for each were collected. The diagnosis of AV and BV was based on the composite score of Donders and Nugent criteria, respectively. All bacteria were isolated and characterized by conventional culture techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was performed using the disc diffusion technique. Logistic regression, univariate and multivariate analysis were carried out. A p-value ≤ 0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant.Results: The overall prevalence of vulvovaginitis among women was 50%. The identified aetiologies of vulvovaginitis were bacterial vaginosis (35.5%), candidiasis (23.8%), aerobic vaginitis (22.9%) and trichomoniasis (3.3%). Aerobic bacteria, especially Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli, were predominantly isolated in the vaginal samples. The prevalence of the multidrug resistance rate was 38.98%. The isolated Gram positive bacteria were sensitive to antibiotics like vancomycin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and gentamicin, whereas the Gram negative bacteria isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and meropenem.Conclusion: The high burden of bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis was reported. Therefore, regular screening of women using microbiological diagnosis should be promoted. The common bacteria isolated were Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. Additionally, antibiotics like vancomycin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and meropenem were shown to have good action against the majority of bacteria isolates.Keywords: aerobic vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, antimicrobial susceptibility |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T02:00:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-124ba8a57ca345729c428c8b7b96d9df |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1178-6973 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T02:00:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Infection and Drug Resistance |
| spelling | doaj.art-124ba8a57ca345729c428c8b7b96d9df2022-12-21T21:24:47ZengDove Medical PressInfection and Drug Resistance1178-69732021-11-01Volume 144567458070269Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated FactorsYasin JAyalew GDagnaw MShiferaw GMekonnen FJemal Yasin,1 Getnet Ayalew,1 Mulat Dagnaw,1 Getachew Shiferaw,2 Feleke Mekonnen3 1Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Getnet AyalewDepartment of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box: 196, Gondar, EthiopiaTel +251-918-73-00-13Email aget2289@gmail.comBackground: Genital tract infections are posing a series of public health challenges for women in both developed and developing countries. Microbial infections of the vagina can lead to serious medical complications such as preterm labor, amniotic fluid infection, premature rupture of the fetal membranes, and low birth weight of the neonate, leading to high perinatal morbidity and mortality. In Ethiopia, limited information is found on the burden, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and associated factors for aerobic vaginitis. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the burden of AV, antimicrobial susceptibility profile of aerobic bacterial isolates and associated factors among women attending Gondar town health facilities, northwest Ethiopia.Methods: A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 214 study participants from February 1 to May 31, 2019. For all consecutive women, demographic variables were collected using a structured questionnaire and two vaginal swabs for each were collected. The diagnosis of AV and BV was based on the composite score of Donders and Nugent criteria, respectively. All bacteria were isolated and characterized by conventional culture techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was performed using the disc diffusion technique. Logistic regression, univariate and multivariate analysis were carried out. A p-value ≤ 0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant.Results: The overall prevalence of vulvovaginitis among women was 50%. The identified aetiologies of vulvovaginitis were bacterial vaginosis (35.5%), candidiasis (23.8%), aerobic vaginitis (22.9%) and trichomoniasis (3.3%). Aerobic bacteria, especially Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli, were predominantly isolated in the vaginal samples. The prevalence of the multidrug resistance rate was 38.98%. The isolated Gram positive bacteria were sensitive to antibiotics like vancomycin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and gentamicin, whereas the Gram negative bacteria isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and meropenem.Conclusion: The high burden of bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis was reported. Therefore, regular screening of women using microbiological diagnosis should be promoted. The common bacteria isolated were Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. Additionally, antibiotics like vancomycin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and meropenem were shown to have good action against the majority of bacteria isolates.Keywords: aerobic vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, antimicrobial susceptibilityhttps://www.dovepress.com/vulvovaginitis-prevalence-among-women-in-gondar-northwest-ethiopia-spe-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDRaerobic vaginitisbacterial vaginosiscandidiasisantimicrobial susceptibility |
| spellingShingle | Yasin J Ayalew G Dagnaw M Shiferaw G Mekonnen F Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors Infection and Drug Resistance aerobic vaginitis bacterial vaginosis candidiasis antimicrobial susceptibility |
| title | Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors |
| title_full | Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors |
| title_fullStr | Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors |
| title_short | Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors |
| title_sort | vulvovaginitis prevalence among women in gondar northwest ethiopia special emphasis on aerobic vaginitis causing bacterial profile antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors |
| topic | aerobic vaginitis bacterial vaginosis candidiasis antimicrobial susceptibility |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/vulvovaginitis-prevalence-among-women-in-gondar-northwest-ethiopia-spe-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR |
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