Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds
Abstract Background Urban expansion has been identified as one of the leading drivers of biodiversity change or loss. For birds, urbanization is specifically related to survival, breeding success, and territory size. Understanding how different birds adjust territory size in response to urbanization...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Avian Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40657-020-00198-6 |
| _version_ | 1828082198861840384 |
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| author | Roselvy Juárez Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal Luis Sandoval |
| author_facet | Roselvy Juárez Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal Luis Sandoval |
| author_sort | Roselvy Juárez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Urban expansion has been identified as one of the leading drivers of biodiversity change or loss. For birds, urbanization is specifically related to survival, breeding success, and territory size. Understanding how different birds adjust territory size in response to urbanization is essential for their conservation in urban environments and to better understand why some species are lost and others persist under this condition. We evaluated the effect of urbanization on the territory size of an urban avoider species, White-eared Ground-Sparrow (Melozone leucotis), and an urban adapter species, House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), at five Costa Rican sites. Methods We measured the size of 30 ground-sparrow and 28 wren territories using a total of 296 h of observation. We followed each individual for at least 1 h per day for at least 2 days of two consecutive years, and geo-referenced their locations. Territory size was estimated using the minimum convex polygon method. We measured the urban surfaces (roads, buildings, any other paved area, soccer fields, lawns, and gardens with short grass) within territories. Results Ground-sparrow territories were larger at the highly urbanized site than at the non-urbanized site. Wren territories were larger at the low urbanized site than at the highly urbanized site. We found a positive relationship between urban surface and territory size for the ground-sparrow, but not for the wren. Conclusions Our results showed that not all birds adjust territory size in the same way in response to urbanization. We showed that urban avoiders probably need to defend larger territories in urban environments to find all the resources required to survive because urban environments may provide insufficient resources such as food or shelter. Urban adapters on the other hand defend smaller territories in urban environments because even small territories may provide sufficient resources. These results suggest specific behavioral adaptations developed by Neotropical birds inhabiting urban environments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T03:47:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-125cd3c77f9a43a39e48ecd9b78925cf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2053-7166 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T03:47:10Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Avian Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-125cd3c77f9a43a39e48ecd9b78925cf2023-01-02T02:30:04ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Avian Research2053-71662020-04-011111910.1186/s40657-020-00198-6Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birdsRoselvy Juárez0Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal1Luis Sandoval2Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa RicaEscuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa RicaEscuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa RicaAbstract Background Urban expansion has been identified as one of the leading drivers of biodiversity change or loss. For birds, urbanization is specifically related to survival, breeding success, and territory size. Understanding how different birds adjust territory size in response to urbanization is essential for their conservation in urban environments and to better understand why some species are lost and others persist under this condition. We evaluated the effect of urbanization on the territory size of an urban avoider species, White-eared Ground-Sparrow (Melozone leucotis), and an urban adapter species, House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), at five Costa Rican sites. Methods We measured the size of 30 ground-sparrow and 28 wren territories using a total of 296 h of observation. We followed each individual for at least 1 h per day for at least 2 days of two consecutive years, and geo-referenced their locations. Territory size was estimated using the minimum convex polygon method. We measured the urban surfaces (roads, buildings, any other paved area, soccer fields, lawns, and gardens with short grass) within territories. Results Ground-sparrow territories were larger at the highly urbanized site than at the non-urbanized site. Wren territories were larger at the low urbanized site than at the highly urbanized site. We found a positive relationship between urban surface and territory size for the ground-sparrow, but not for the wren. Conclusions Our results showed that not all birds adjust territory size in the same way in response to urbanization. We showed that urban avoiders probably need to defend larger territories in urban environments to find all the resources required to survive because urban environments may provide insufficient resources such as food or shelter. Urban adapters on the other hand defend smaller territories in urban environments because even small territories may provide sufficient resources. These results suggest specific behavioral adaptations developed by Neotropical birds inhabiting urban environments.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40657-020-00198-6House WrenMelozone leucotisTroglodytes aedonUrban adapterUrban avoiderUrban–rural gradient |
| spellingShingle | Roselvy Juárez Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal Luis Sandoval Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds Avian Research House Wren Melozone leucotis Troglodytes aedon Urban adapter Urban avoider Urban–rural gradient |
| title | Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds |
| title_full | Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds |
| title_fullStr | Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds |
| title_short | Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds |
| title_sort | urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds |
| topic | House Wren Melozone leucotis Troglodytes aedon Urban adapter Urban avoider Urban–rural gradient |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40657-020-00198-6 |
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