Assimilation, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and Pectenotoxins (PTXs) in the Several Tissues of Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis
Japanese scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, were fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii to elucidate the relative magnitude of assimilation, accumulation, and metabolism of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). Three individual scallops were separately exposed to...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2015-12-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/7/12/4870 |
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| author | Ryoji Matsushima Hajime Uchida Satoshi Nagai Ryuichi Watanabe Michiya Kamio Hiroshi Nagai Masaki Kaneniwa Toshiyuki Suzuki |
| author_facet | Ryoji Matsushima Hajime Uchida Satoshi Nagai Ryuichi Watanabe Michiya Kamio Hiroshi Nagai Masaki Kaneniwa Toshiyuki Suzuki |
| author_sort | Ryoji Matsushima |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Japanese scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, were fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii to elucidate the relative magnitude of assimilation, accumulation, and metabolism of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). Three individual scallops were separately exposed to cultured D. fortii for four days. The average cell number of D. fortii assimilated by each individual scallop was 7.7 × 105. Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and their metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the toxin content in individual tissues (digestive gland, adductor muscle, gill, gonad, mantle, and the others), feces and the seawater medium were quantified. Toxins were almost exclusively accumulated in the digestive gland with only low levels being detected in the gills, mantles, gonads, and adductor muscles. DTX1 and PTX2 were the dominant toxins in the D. fortii cells fed to the scallops, whereas the dominant toxins detected in the digestive gland of scallops were PTX6 and esterified acyl-O-DTX1 (DTX3). In other tissues PTX2 was the dominant toxin observed. The ratio of accumulated to assimilated toxins was 21%–39% and 7%–23% for PTXs and DTXs respectively. Approximately 54%–75% of PTX2 and 52%–70% of DTX1 assimilated by the scallops was directly excreted into the seawater mainly without metabolic transformation. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T09:16:18Z |
| publishDate | 2015-12-01 |
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| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-12714366f2b44ecfa8db959c8a61bcc02022-12-22T02:52:44ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512015-12-017125141515410.3390/toxins7124870toxins7124870Assimilation, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and Pectenotoxins (PTXs) in the Several Tissues of Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensisRyoji Matsushima0Hajime Uchida1Satoshi Nagai2Ryuichi Watanabe3Michiya Kamio4Hiroshi Nagai5Masaki Kaneniwa6Toshiyuki Suzuki7National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, JapanDepartment of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanDepartment of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, JapanJapanese scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, were fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii to elucidate the relative magnitude of assimilation, accumulation, and metabolism of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). Three individual scallops were separately exposed to cultured D. fortii for four days. The average cell number of D. fortii assimilated by each individual scallop was 7.7 × 105. Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and their metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the toxin content in individual tissues (digestive gland, adductor muscle, gill, gonad, mantle, and the others), feces and the seawater medium were quantified. Toxins were almost exclusively accumulated in the digestive gland with only low levels being detected in the gills, mantles, gonads, and adductor muscles. DTX1 and PTX2 were the dominant toxins in the D. fortii cells fed to the scallops, whereas the dominant toxins detected in the digestive gland of scallops were PTX6 and esterified acyl-O-DTX1 (DTX3). In other tissues PTX2 was the dominant toxin observed. The ratio of accumulated to assimilated toxins was 21%–39% and 7%–23% for PTXs and DTXs respectively. Approximately 54%–75% of PTX2 and 52%–70% of DTX1 assimilated by the scallops was directly excreted into the seawater mainly without metabolic transformation.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/7/12/4870diarrhetic shellfish toxinsaccumulationpectenotoxindinophysistoxinJapanese scallopsDinophysis fortiifeeding experimentLC/MS/MS |
| spellingShingle | Ryoji Matsushima Hajime Uchida Satoshi Nagai Ryuichi Watanabe Michiya Kamio Hiroshi Nagai Masaki Kaneniwa Toshiyuki Suzuki Assimilation, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and Pectenotoxins (PTXs) in the Several Tissues of Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis Toxins diarrhetic shellfish toxins accumulation pectenotoxin dinophysistoxin Japanese scallops Dinophysis fortii feeding experiment LC/MS/MS |
| title | Assimilation, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and Pectenotoxins (PTXs) in the Several Tissues of Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis |
| title_full | Assimilation, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and Pectenotoxins (PTXs) in the Several Tissues of Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis |
| title_fullStr | Assimilation, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and Pectenotoxins (PTXs) in the Several Tissues of Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assimilation, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and Pectenotoxins (PTXs) in the Several Tissues of Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis |
| title_short | Assimilation, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and Pectenotoxins (PTXs) in the Several Tissues of Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis |
| title_sort | assimilation accumulation and metabolism of dinophysistoxins dtxs and pectenotoxins ptxs in the several tissues of japanese scallop patinopecten yessoensis |
| topic | diarrhetic shellfish toxins accumulation pectenotoxin dinophysistoxin Japanese scallops Dinophysis fortii feeding experiment LC/MS/MS |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/7/12/4870 |
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