Neural Correlates of Delay Discounting in the Light of Brain Imaging and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: What We Know and What Is Missed
In decision making, the subjective value of a reward declines with the delay to its receipt, describing a hyperbolic function. Although this phenomenon, referred to as delay discounting (DD), has been extensively characterized and reported in many animal species, still, little is known about the neu...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Brain Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/3/403 |
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| author | Andrea Stefano Moro Daniele Saccenti Mattia Ferro Simona Scaini Antonio Malgaroli Jacopo Lamanna |
| author_facet | Andrea Stefano Moro Daniele Saccenti Mattia Ferro Simona Scaini Antonio Malgaroli Jacopo Lamanna |
| author_sort | Andrea Stefano Moro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In decision making, the subjective value of a reward declines with the delay to its receipt, describing a hyperbolic function. Although this phenomenon, referred to as delay discounting (DD), has been extensively characterized and reported in many animal species, still, little is known about the neuronal processes that support it. Here, after drawing a comprehensive portrait, we consider the latest neuroimaging and lesion studies, the outcomes of which often appear contradictory among comparable experimental settings. In the second part of the manuscript, we focus on a more recent and effective route of investigation: non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). We provide a comprehensive review of the available studies that applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to affect subjects’ performance in DD tasks. The aim of our survey is not only to highlight the superiority of NIBS in investigating DD, but also to suggest targets for future experimental studies, since the regions considered in these studies represent only a fraction of the possible ones. In particular, we argue that, based on the available neurophysiological evidence from lesion and brain imaging studies, a very promising and underrepresented region for future neuromodulation studies investigating DD is the orbitofrontal cortex. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:50:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-12730601987a4eb99727dacfd8554d4f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:50:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-12730601987a4eb99727dacfd8554d4f2023-11-17T09:59:20ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252023-02-0113340310.3390/brainsci13030403Neural Correlates of Delay Discounting in the Light of Brain Imaging and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: What We Know and What Is MissedAndrea Stefano Moro0Daniele Saccenti1Mattia Ferro2Simona Scaini3Antonio Malgaroli4Jacopo Lamanna5Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, 20143 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, 20143 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, 20143 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, 20143 Milan, ItalyCenter for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, ItalyCenter for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, ItalyIn decision making, the subjective value of a reward declines with the delay to its receipt, describing a hyperbolic function. Although this phenomenon, referred to as delay discounting (DD), has been extensively characterized and reported in many animal species, still, little is known about the neuronal processes that support it. Here, after drawing a comprehensive portrait, we consider the latest neuroimaging and lesion studies, the outcomes of which often appear contradictory among comparable experimental settings. In the second part of the manuscript, we focus on a more recent and effective route of investigation: non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). We provide a comprehensive review of the available studies that applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to affect subjects’ performance in DD tasks. The aim of our survey is not only to highlight the superiority of NIBS in investigating DD, but also to suggest targets for future experimental studies, since the regions considered in these studies represent only a fraction of the possible ones. In particular, we argue that, based on the available neurophysiological evidence from lesion and brain imaging studies, a very promising and underrepresented region for future neuromodulation studies investigating DD is the orbitofrontal cortex.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/3/403delay discountingneuromodulationtranscranial magnetic stimulationtranscranial direct current stimulationorbitofrontal cortexTMS |
| spellingShingle | Andrea Stefano Moro Daniele Saccenti Mattia Ferro Simona Scaini Antonio Malgaroli Jacopo Lamanna Neural Correlates of Delay Discounting in the Light of Brain Imaging and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: What We Know and What Is Missed Brain Sciences delay discounting neuromodulation transcranial magnetic stimulation transcranial direct current stimulation orbitofrontal cortex TMS |
| title | Neural Correlates of Delay Discounting in the Light of Brain Imaging and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: What We Know and What Is Missed |
| title_full | Neural Correlates of Delay Discounting in the Light of Brain Imaging and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: What We Know and What Is Missed |
| title_fullStr | Neural Correlates of Delay Discounting in the Light of Brain Imaging and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: What We Know and What Is Missed |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neural Correlates of Delay Discounting in the Light of Brain Imaging and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: What We Know and What Is Missed |
| title_short | Neural Correlates of Delay Discounting in the Light of Brain Imaging and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: What We Know and What Is Missed |
| title_sort | neural correlates of delay discounting in the light of brain imaging and non invasive brain stimulation what we know and what is missed |
| topic | delay discounting neuromodulation transcranial magnetic stimulation transcranial direct current stimulation orbitofrontal cortex TMS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/3/403 |
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