Biocompatibility of a New Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealer Mediated via the Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in a Rat Model
(1) Background: The EndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlow (Brasseler, Savannah, GA, USA) has recently been introduced in clinical applications. Thus, the aims of the present study are to determine its biocompatibility in vivo and to examine its ability to drive macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo....
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/5/1962 |
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| author | Xiaoqian Yang Jun Tian Mengjie Li Weiyang Chen He Liu Zhejun Wang Markus Haapasalo Ya Shen Xi Wei |
| author_facet | Xiaoqian Yang Jun Tian Mengjie Li Weiyang Chen He Liu Zhejun Wang Markus Haapasalo Ya Shen Xi Wei |
| author_sort | Xiaoqian Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | (1) Background: The EndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlow (Brasseler, Savannah, GA, USA) has recently been introduced in clinical applications. Thus, the aims of the present study are to determine its biocompatibility in vivo and to examine its ability to drive macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. (2) Methods: HiFlow was implanted into rat connective tissue for 7, 30 and 150 days. The microstructures and elemental compositions were determined by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Hematoxylin–eosin, immunofluorescence, RT–qPCR and flow cytometry were used to elucidate the effects on inflammatory responses and macrophage polarization. (3) Results: SEM-EDX revealed the formation of surface hydroxyapatite crystal layers. Histological evaluation showed that HiFlow exhibited long-term biocompatibility because it decreased inflammatory responses and reduced the number of macrophages over time; however, tissue necrosis was observed in all the groups. RT–qPCR verified that HiFlow regulated the expression of inflammatory factors to inhibit the inflammatory response. Immunofluorescence analysis performed on in vivo samples revealed that HiFlow promoted M2-like macrophage polarization, and these results were confirmed by flow cytometry in vitro. (4) Conclusion: After 150 days of investigation, HiFlow was considered biologically acceptable, and the formation of apatite crystal layers and the promotion of M2-like macrophage polarization may contribute to its favorable biocompatibility. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:31:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-12b41a7501bb4528ab5551dcf31ef333 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:31:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-12b41a7501bb4528ab5551dcf31ef3332023-11-23T23:21:34ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-03-01155196210.3390/ma15051962Biocompatibility of a New Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealer Mediated via the Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in a Rat ModelXiaoqian Yang0Jun Tian1Mengjie Li2Weiyang Chen3He Liu4Zhejun Wang5Markus Haapasalo6Ya Shen7Xi Wei8Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, ChinaHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, ChinaHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, ChinaHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, ChinaDepartment of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, ChinaDivision of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaDivision of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaDivision of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China(1) Background: The EndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlow (Brasseler, Savannah, GA, USA) has recently been introduced in clinical applications. Thus, the aims of the present study are to determine its biocompatibility in vivo and to examine its ability to drive macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. (2) Methods: HiFlow was implanted into rat connective tissue for 7, 30 and 150 days. The microstructures and elemental compositions were determined by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Hematoxylin–eosin, immunofluorescence, RT–qPCR and flow cytometry were used to elucidate the effects on inflammatory responses and macrophage polarization. (3) Results: SEM-EDX revealed the formation of surface hydroxyapatite crystal layers. Histological evaluation showed that HiFlow exhibited long-term biocompatibility because it decreased inflammatory responses and reduced the number of macrophages over time; however, tissue necrosis was observed in all the groups. RT–qPCR verified that HiFlow regulated the expression of inflammatory factors to inhibit the inflammatory response. Immunofluorescence analysis performed on in vivo samples revealed that HiFlow promoted M2-like macrophage polarization, and these results were confirmed by flow cytometry in vitro. (4) Conclusion: After 150 days of investigation, HiFlow was considered biologically acceptable, and the formation of apatite crystal layers and the promotion of M2-like macrophage polarization may contribute to its favorable biocompatibility.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/5/1962animal modelbiocompatibilityEndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlowinflammationmacrophage polarizationsubcutaneous connective tissue |
| spellingShingle | Xiaoqian Yang Jun Tian Mengjie Li Weiyang Chen He Liu Zhejun Wang Markus Haapasalo Ya Shen Xi Wei Biocompatibility of a New Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealer Mediated via the Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in a Rat Model Materials animal model biocompatibility EndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlow inflammation macrophage polarization subcutaneous connective tissue |
| title | Biocompatibility of a New Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealer Mediated via the Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in a Rat Model |
| title_full | Biocompatibility of a New Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealer Mediated via the Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in a Rat Model |
| title_fullStr | Biocompatibility of a New Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealer Mediated via the Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in a Rat Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biocompatibility of a New Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealer Mediated via the Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in a Rat Model |
| title_short | Biocompatibility of a New Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealer Mediated via the Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in a Rat Model |
| title_sort | biocompatibility of a new calcium silicate based root canal sealer mediated via the modulation of macrophage polarization in a rat model |
| topic | animal model biocompatibility EndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlow inflammation macrophage polarization subcutaneous connective tissue |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/5/1962 |
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