Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Experimental Models of Periodontitis: Associating Gut Dysbiosis With Neurodegenerative Diseases
Periodontitis is considered a non-communicable chronic disease caused by a dysbiotic microbiota, which generates a low-grade systemic inflammation that chronically damages the organism. Several studies have associated periodontitis with other chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Aging |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2021.781582/full |
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| author | Luis Daniel Sansores-España Luis Daniel Sansores-España Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez Katherine Olivares-Sagredo Emilio A. Cafferata Víctor Manuel Martínez-Aguilar Rolando Vernal Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga |
| author_facet | Luis Daniel Sansores-España Luis Daniel Sansores-España Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez Katherine Olivares-Sagredo Emilio A. Cafferata Víctor Manuel Martínez-Aguilar Rolando Vernal Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga |
| author_sort | Luis Daniel Sansores-España |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Periodontitis is considered a non-communicable chronic disease caused by a dysbiotic microbiota, which generates a low-grade systemic inflammation that chronically damages the organism. Several studies have associated periodontitis with other chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, the oral bacteria considered a keystone pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, has been detected in the hippocampus and brain cortex. Likewise, gut microbiota dysbiosis triggers a low-grade systemic inflammation, which also favors the risk for both cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, the existence of an axis of Oral-Gut communication has been proposed, whose possible involvement in the development of neurodegenerative diseases has not been uncovered yet. The present review aims to compile evidence that the dysbiosis of the oral microbiota triggers changes in the gut microbiota, which creates a higher predisposition for the development of neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative diseases.The Oral-Gut-Brain axis could be defined based on anatomical communications, where the mouth and the intestine are in constant communication. The oral-brain axis is mainly established from the trigeminal nerve and the gut-brain axis from the vagus nerve. The oral-gut communication is defined from an anatomical relation and the constant swallowing of oral bacteria. The gut-brain communication is more complex and due to bacteria-cells, immune and nervous system interactions. Thus, the gut-brain and oral-brain axis are in a bi-directional relationship. Through the qualitative analysis of the selected papers, we conclude that experimental periodontitis could produce both neurodegenerative pathologies and intestinal dysbiosis, and that periodontitis is likely to induce both conditions simultaneously. The severity of the neurodegenerative disease could depend, at least in part, on the effects of periodontitis in the gut microbiota, which could strengthen the immune response and create an injurious inflammatory and dysbiotic cycle. Thus, dementias would have their onset in dysbiotic phenomena that affect the oral cavity or the intestine. The selected studies allow us to speculate that oral-gut-brain communication exists, and bacteria probably get to the brain via trigeminal and vagus nerves. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T15:01:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-12b719eb2f0349ce886f8fec82e85046 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-6217 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T15:01:49Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Aging |
| spelling | doaj.art-12b719eb2f0349ce886f8fec82e850462022-12-21T23:41:06ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Aging2673-62172021-12-01210.3389/fragi.2021.781582781582Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Experimental Models of Periodontitis: Associating Gut Dysbiosis With Neurodegenerative DiseasesLuis Daniel Sansores-España0Luis Daniel Sansores-España1Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez2Katherine Olivares-Sagredo3Emilio A. Cafferata4Víctor Manuel Martínez-Aguilar5Rolando Vernal6Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima7Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima8Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima9Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga10Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga11Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, ChileFaculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, MéxicoPeriodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, ChilePeriodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartment of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica Del Sur, Lima, PerúFaculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, MéxicoPeriodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, ChileBiomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartment of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, ChileInstitute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, ChilePeriodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Copiapó, ChilePeriodontitis is considered a non-communicable chronic disease caused by a dysbiotic microbiota, which generates a low-grade systemic inflammation that chronically damages the organism. Several studies have associated periodontitis with other chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, the oral bacteria considered a keystone pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, has been detected in the hippocampus and brain cortex. Likewise, gut microbiota dysbiosis triggers a low-grade systemic inflammation, which also favors the risk for both cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, the existence of an axis of Oral-Gut communication has been proposed, whose possible involvement in the development of neurodegenerative diseases has not been uncovered yet. The present review aims to compile evidence that the dysbiosis of the oral microbiota triggers changes in the gut microbiota, which creates a higher predisposition for the development of neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative diseases.The Oral-Gut-Brain axis could be defined based on anatomical communications, where the mouth and the intestine are in constant communication. The oral-brain axis is mainly established from the trigeminal nerve and the gut-brain axis from the vagus nerve. The oral-gut communication is defined from an anatomical relation and the constant swallowing of oral bacteria. The gut-brain communication is more complex and due to bacteria-cells, immune and nervous system interactions. Thus, the gut-brain and oral-brain axis are in a bi-directional relationship. Through the qualitative analysis of the selected papers, we conclude that experimental periodontitis could produce both neurodegenerative pathologies and intestinal dysbiosis, and that periodontitis is likely to induce both conditions simultaneously. The severity of the neurodegenerative disease could depend, at least in part, on the effects of periodontitis in the gut microbiota, which could strengthen the immune response and create an injurious inflammatory and dysbiotic cycle. Thus, dementias would have their onset in dysbiotic phenomena that affect the oral cavity or the intestine. The selected studies allow us to speculate that oral-gut-brain communication exists, and bacteria probably get to the brain via trigeminal and vagus nerves.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2021.781582/fullperiodontitisAlzheimer’s diseasegut microbiotadysbiosispathogenkeystone |
| spellingShingle | Luis Daniel Sansores-España Luis Daniel Sansores-España Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez Katherine Olivares-Sagredo Emilio A. Cafferata Víctor Manuel Martínez-Aguilar Rolando Vernal Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Experimental Models of Periodontitis: Associating Gut Dysbiosis With Neurodegenerative Diseases Frontiers in Aging periodontitis Alzheimer’s disease gut microbiota dysbiosis pathogen keystone |
| title | Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Experimental Models of Periodontitis: Associating Gut Dysbiosis With Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_full | Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Experimental Models of Periodontitis: Associating Gut Dysbiosis With Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Experimental Models of Periodontitis: Associating Gut Dysbiosis With Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Experimental Models of Periodontitis: Associating Gut Dysbiosis With Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_short | Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Experimental Models of Periodontitis: Associating Gut Dysbiosis With Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_sort | oral gut brain axis in experimental models of periodontitis associating gut dysbiosis with neurodegenerative diseases |
| topic | periodontitis Alzheimer’s disease gut microbiota dysbiosis pathogen keystone |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2021.781582/full |
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