Disposable Polyaniline/<i>m</i>-Phenylenediamine-Based Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor for Early Sepsis Diagnosis
Lactate serves as a crucial biomarker that indicates sepsis assessment in critically ill patients. A rapid, accurate, and portable analytical device for lactate detection is required. This work developed a stepwise polyurethane–polyaniline–<i>m</i>-phenylenediamine via a layer-by-layer b...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/4/473 |
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| author | Piromya Thongkhao Apon Numnuam Pasarat Khongkow Surasak Sangkhathat Tonghathai Phairatana |
| author_facet | Piromya Thongkhao Apon Numnuam Pasarat Khongkow Surasak Sangkhathat Tonghathai Phairatana |
| author_sort | Piromya Thongkhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lactate serves as a crucial biomarker that indicates sepsis assessment in critically ill patients. A rapid, accurate, and portable analytical device for lactate detection is required. This work developed a stepwise polyurethane–polyaniline–<i>m</i>-phenylenediamine via a layer-by-layer based electrochemical biosensor, using a screen-printed gold electrode for lactate determination in blood samples. The developed lactate biosensor was electrochemically fabricated with layers of <i>m</i>-phenylenediamine, polyaniline, a crosslinking of a small amount of lactate oxidase via glutaraldehyde, and polyurethane as an outer membrane. The lactate determination using amperometry revealed the biosensor’s performance with a wide linear range of 0.20–5.0 mmol L<sup>−1</sup>, a sensitivity of 12.17 ± 0.02 µA·mmol<sup>−1</sup>·L·cm<sup>−2</sup>, and a detection limit of 7.9 µmol L<sup>−1</sup>. The developed biosensor exhibited a fast response time of 5 s, high selectivity, excellent long-term storage stability over 10 weeks, and good reproducibility with 3.74% RSD. Additionally, the determination of lactate in human blood plasma using the developed lactate biosensor was examined. The results were in agreement with the enzymatic colorimetric gold standard method (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Our developed biosensor provides efficiency, reliability, and is a great potential tool for advancing lactate point-of-care testing applications in the early diagnosis of sepsis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:16:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-12ca0a2facfe456ebf4fff8b7beb9592 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:16:34Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-12ca0a2facfe456ebf4fff8b7beb95922024-02-23T15:32:12ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602024-02-0116447310.3390/polym16040473Disposable Polyaniline/<i>m</i>-Phenylenediamine-Based Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor for Early Sepsis DiagnosisPiromya Thongkhao0Apon Numnuam1Pasarat Khongkow2Surasak Sangkhathat3Tonghathai Phairatana4Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, ThailandCenter of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, ThailandDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, ThailandDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, ThailandDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, ThailandLactate serves as a crucial biomarker that indicates sepsis assessment in critically ill patients. A rapid, accurate, and portable analytical device for lactate detection is required. This work developed a stepwise polyurethane–polyaniline–<i>m</i>-phenylenediamine via a layer-by-layer based electrochemical biosensor, using a screen-printed gold electrode for lactate determination in blood samples. The developed lactate biosensor was electrochemically fabricated with layers of <i>m</i>-phenylenediamine, polyaniline, a crosslinking of a small amount of lactate oxidase via glutaraldehyde, and polyurethane as an outer membrane. The lactate determination using amperometry revealed the biosensor’s performance with a wide linear range of 0.20–5.0 mmol L<sup>−1</sup>, a sensitivity of 12.17 ± 0.02 µA·mmol<sup>−1</sup>·L·cm<sup>−2</sup>, and a detection limit of 7.9 µmol L<sup>−1</sup>. The developed biosensor exhibited a fast response time of 5 s, high selectivity, excellent long-term storage stability over 10 weeks, and good reproducibility with 3.74% RSD. Additionally, the determination of lactate in human blood plasma using the developed lactate biosensor was examined. The results were in agreement with the enzymatic colorimetric gold standard method (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Our developed biosensor provides efficiency, reliability, and is a great potential tool for advancing lactate point-of-care testing applications in the early diagnosis of sepsis.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/4/473biosensorelectrochemistrylactatelayer-by-layer<i>m</i>-phenylenediaminepolyaniline |
| spellingShingle | Piromya Thongkhao Apon Numnuam Pasarat Khongkow Surasak Sangkhathat Tonghathai Phairatana Disposable Polyaniline/<i>m</i>-Phenylenediamine-Based Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor for Early Sepsis Diagnosis Polymers biosensor electrochemistry lactate layer-by-layer <i>m</i>-phenylenediamine polyaniline |
| title | Disposable Polyaniline/<i>m</i>-Phenylenediamine-Based Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor for Early Sepsis Diagnosis |
| title_full | Disposable Polyaniline/<i>m</i>-Phenylenediamine-Based Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor for Early Sepsis Diagnosis |
| title_fullStr | Disposable Polyaniline/<i>m</i>-Phenylenediamine-Based Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor for Early Sepsis Diagnosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Disposable Polyaniline/<i>m</i>-Phenylenediamine-Based Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor for Early Sepsis Diagnosis |
| title_short | Disposable Polyaniline/<i>m</i>-Phenylenediamine-Based Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor for Early Sepsis Diagnosis |
| title_sort | disposable polyaniline i m i phenylenediamine based electrochemical lactate biosensor for early sepsis diagnosis |
| topic | biosensor electrochemistry lactate layer-by-layer <i>m</i>-phenylenediamine polyaniline |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/4/473 |
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