Mélange, Flysch and Cliffs in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Poland): An Overview
The Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) is located in the suture zone between the Central and Outer (Flysch) Carpathians. Its structure is an effect of prolonged processes of the Cretaceous–Miocene folding, thrusting and uplifting. In this zone, tectonic components of different ages and features, including s...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Minerals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/12/9/1149 |
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| author | Jan Golonka Anna Waśkowska Kamil Cichostępski Jerzy Dec Kaja Pietsch Monika Łój Grzegorz Bania Włodzimierz Jerzy Mościcki Sławomir Porzucek |
| author_facet | Jan Golonka Anna Waśkowska Kamil Cichostępski Jerzy Dec Kaja Pietsch Monika Łój Grzegorz Bania Włodzimierz Jerzy Mościcki Sławomir Porzucek |
| author_sort | Jan Golonka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) is located in the suture zone between the Central and Outer (Flysch) Carpathians. Its structure is an effect of prolonged processes of the Cretaceous–Miocene folding, thrusting and uplifting. In this zone, tectonic components of different ages and features, including strike-slip-bounded tectonic blocks, thrust units, as well as toe-thrusts and olistostromes, result in the present-day mélange characteristics of the PKB, where individual tectonic units are difficult to distinguish. In the PKB, both tectonic and sedimentary events triggered the mélange creation. The name “Klippen Belt” is derived from cliffs (German Klippen). These cliffs form harder, more erosion-resistant elements of the mélange, residing within less competent clastic deposits, sandstones, shales and marls that form flysch complexes. The cliffs often represent olistoliths, which glided down from elevated areas to the deeper basinal zones. Two olistostrome belts were distinguished. The older one resulted from subduction of the southern part of the Alpine Tethys, and the younger originated in response to the northward shift of the accretionary wedge. The other cliffs were placed within the surrounding clastic by tectonic deformational processes. The flower structure of the PKB was formed during the collision and strike-slip movement of the lithospheric plates. This structure is limited on both sides by deep-rooted faults. Several evolutionary stages could be distinguished in these areas. The rift-related stage is expressed by the opening of the Alpine Tethys that contains two major basins—Magura and Pieniny (Złatne) basins, separated by Czorsztyn Ridge. The reorganization of the Alpine Tethys basins and the development of the accretionary prism happened during the synorogenic stage. This process was initiated by the movement of the Central Carpathians. Thick flysch sequences with olistostromes were deposited in these basins. The Czorsztyn Ridge was destroyed during the late orogenic stages. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:03:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-12ea6f6466f949c3a0cf3f0bad52c510 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-163X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:03:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Minerals |
| spelling | doaj.art-12ea6f6466f949c3a0cf3f0bad52c5102023-11-23T17:56:18ZengMDPI AGMinerals2075-163X2022-09-01129114910.3390/min12091149Mélange, Flysch and Cliffs in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Poland): An OverviewJan Golonka0Anna Waśkowska1Kamil Cichostępski2Jerzy Dec3Kaja Pietsch4Monika Łój5Grzegorz Bania6Włodzimierz Jerzy Mościcki7Sławomir Porzucek8Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandThe Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) is located in the suture zone between the Central and Outer (Flysch) Carpathians. Its structure is an effect of prolonged processes of the Cretaceous–Miocene folding, thrusting and uplifting. In this zone, tectonic components of different ages and features, including strike-slip-bounded tectonic blocks, thrust units, as well as toe-thrusts and olistostromes, result in the present-day mélange characteristics of the PKB, where individual tectonic units are difficult to distinguish. In the PKB, both tectonic and sedimentary events triggered the mélange creation. The name “Klippen Belt” is derived from cliffs (German Klippen). These cliffs form harder, more erosion-resistant elements of the mélange, residing within less competent clastic deposits, sandstones, shales and marls that form flysch complexes. The cliffs often represent olistoliths, which glided down from elevated areas to the deeper basinal zones. Two olistostrome belts were distinguished. The older one resulted from subduction of the southern part of the Alpine Tethys, and the younger originated in response to the northward shift of the accretionary wedge. The other cliffs were placed within the surrounding clastic by tectonic deformational processes. The flower structure of the PKB was formed during the collision and strike-slip movement of the lithospheric plates. This structure is limited on both sides by deep-rooted faults. Several evolutionary stages could be distinguished in these areas. The rift-related stage is expressed by the opening of the Alpine Tethys that contains two major basins—Magura and Pieniny (Złatne) basins, separated by Czorsztyn Ridge. The reorganization of the Alpine Tethys basins and the development of the accretionary prism happened during the synorogenic stage. This process was initiated by the movement of the Central Carpathians. Thick flysch sequences with olistostromes were deposited in these basins. The Czorsztyn Ridge was destroyed during the late orogenic stages.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/12/9/1149Central CarpathiansPieniny Klippen BeltNorth European platformMagura Nappetectonicsflysch |
| spellingShingle | Jan Golonka Anna Waśkowska Kamil Cichostępski Jerzy Dec Kaja Pietsch Monika Łój Grzegorz Bania Włodzimierz Jerzy Mościcki Sławomir Porzucek Mélange, Flysch and Cliffs in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Poland): An Overview Minerals Central Carpathians Pieniny Klippen Belt North European platform Magura Nappe tectonics flysch |
| title | Mélange, Flysch and Cliffs in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Poland): An Overview |
| title_full | Mélange, Flysch and Cliffs in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Poland): An Overview |
| title_fullStr | Mélange, Flysch and Cliffs in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Poland): An Overview |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mélange, Flysch and Cliffs in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Poland): An Overview |
| title_short | Mélange, Flysch and Cliffs in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Poland): An Overview |
| title_sort | melange flysch and cliffs in the pieniny klippen belt poland an overview |
| topic | Central Carpathians Pieniny Klippen Belt North European platform Magura Nappe tectonics flysch |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/12/9/1149 |
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