Recent Discoveries of Macromolecule- and Cell-Based Biomarkers and Therapeutic Implications in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Breast cancer is fairly heterogeneous and reveals six molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2+, basal-like subtype (ER−, PR−, and HER2−), normal breast-like, and clau...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/636 |
| _version_ | 1797413432591384576 |
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| author | Hsing-Ju Wu Pei-Yi Chu |
| author_facet | Hsing-Ju Wu Pei-Yi Chu |
| author_sort | Hsing-Ju Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Breast cancer is fairly heterogeneous and reveals six molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2+, basal-like subtype (ER−, PR−, and HER2−), normal breast-like, and claudin-low. Breast cancer screening and early diagnosis play critical roles in improving therapeutic outcomes and prognosis. Mammography is currently the main commercially available detection method for breast cancer; however, it has numerous limitations. Therefore, reliable noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are required. Biomarkers used in cancer range from macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, to whole cells. Biomarkers for cancer risk, diagnosis, proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and prognosis have been identified in breast cancer. In addition, there is currently a greater demand for personalized or precise treatments; moreover, the identification of novel biomarkers to further the development of new drugs is urgently needed. In this review, we summarize and focus on the recent discoveries of promising macromolecules and cell-based biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer and provide implications for therapeutic strategies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:18:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-12f627ec3d1c47d5b0a5b21670e48fcc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:18:49Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-12f627ec3d1c47d5b0a5b21670e48fcc2023-12-03T12:42:44ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-01-0122263610.3390/ijms22020636Recent Discoveries of Macromolecule- and Cell-Based Biomarkers and Therapeutic Implications in Breast CancerHsing-Ju Wu0Pei-Yi Chu1Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, TaiwanSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 231, TaiwanBreast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Breast cancer is fairly heterogeneous and reveals six molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2+, basal-like subtype (ER−, PR−, and HER2−), normal breast-like, and claudin-low. Breast cancer screening and early diagnosis play critical roles in improving therapeutic outcomes and prognosis. Mammography is currently the main commercially available detection method for breast cancer; however, it has numerous limitations. Therefore, reliable noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are required. Biomarkers used in cancer range from macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, to whole cells. Biomarkers for cancer risk, diagnosis, proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and prognosis have been identified in breast cancer. In addition, there is currently a greater demand for personalized or precise treatments; moreover, the identification of novel biomarkers to further the development of new drugs is urgently needed. In this review, we summarize and focus on the recent discoveries of promising macromolecules and cell-based biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer and provide implications for therapeutic strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/636breast cancerbiomarkerdiagnosisprognosistreatment |
| spellingShingle | Hsing-Ju Wu Pei-Yi Chu Recent Discoveries of Macromolecule- and Cell-Based Biomarkers and Therapeutic Implications in Breast Cancer International Journal of Molecular Sciences breast cancer biomarker diagnosis prognosis treatment |
| title | Recent Discoveries of Macromolecule- and Cell-Based Biomarkers and Therapeutic Implications in Breast Cancer |
| title_full | Recent Discoveries of Macromolecule- and Cell-Based Biomarkers and Therapeutic Implications in Breast Cancer |
| title_fullStr | Recent Discoveries of Macromolecule- and Cell-Based Biomarkers and Therapeutic Implications in Breast Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent Discoveries of Macromolecule- and Cell-Based Biomarkers and Therapeutic Implications in Breast Cancer |
| title_short | Recent Discoveries of Macromolecule- and Cell-Based Biomarkers and Therapeutic Implications in Breast Cancer |
| title_sort | recent discoveries of macromolecule and cell based biomarkers and therapeutic implications in breast cancer |
| topic | breast cancer biomarker diagnosis prognosis treatment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/636 |
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