A Global Inventory of Feedback
Feedback from both supermassive black holes and massive stars plays a fundamental role in the evolution of galaxies and the inter-galactic medium. In this paper, we use available data to estimate the total amount of kinetic energy and momentum created per co-moving volume element over the history of...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Galaxies |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/11/1/21 |
| _version_ | 1797620861768826880 |
|---|---|
| author | Timothy M. Heckman Philip N. Best |
| author_facet | Timothy M. Heckman Philip N. Best |
| author_sort | Timothy M. Heckman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Feedback from both supermassive black holes and massive stars plays a fundamental role in the evolution of galaxies and the inter-galactic medium. In this paper, we use available data to estimate the total amount of kinetic energy and momentum created per co-moving volume element over the history of the universe from three sources: massive stars and supernovae, radiation pressure and winds driven by supermassive black holes, and radio jets driven by supermassive black holes. Kinetic energy and momentum injection from jets peaks at z ≈ 1, while the other two sources peak at z ≈ 2. Massive stars are the dominant global source of momentum injection. For supermassive black holes, we find that the amount of kinetic energy from jets is about an order-of-magnitude larger than that from winds. We also find that the amount of kinetic energy created by massive stars is about 2.5 ε<sub>star</sub> times that carried by jets (where ε<sub>star</sub> is the fraction of injected energy not lost to radiative cooling). We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of galaxies and IGM. Because the ratio of the black hole mass to galaxy mass is a steeply increasing function of mass, we show that the relative importance of black hole feedback to stellar feedback likewise increases with mass. We show that there is a trend in the present-day universe which, in the simplest picture, is consistent with galaxies that have been dominated by black hole feedback being generally quenched, while galaxies that have been dominated by stellar feedback are star-forming. We also note that the amount of kinetic energy carried by jets and winds appears to be sufficient to explain the properties of hot gas in massive halos (>10<sup>13</sup> M<sub>ʘ</sub>). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:47:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-13190831b8424dfb9b0ef71a59a7eff2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4434 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:47:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Galaxies |
| spelling | doaj.art-13190831b8424dfb9b0ef71a59a7eff22023-11-16T20:38:21ZengMDPI AGGalaxies2075-44342023-01-011112110.3390/galaxies11010021A Global Inventory of FeedbackTimothy M. Heckman0Philip N. Best1The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKFeedback from both supermassive black holes and massive stars plays a fundamental role in the evolution of galaxies and the inter-galactic medium. In this paper, we use available data to estimate the total amount of kinetic energy and momentum created per co-moving volume element over the history of the universe from three sources: massive stars and supernovae, radiation pressure and winds driven by supermassive black holes, and radio jets driven by supermassive black holes. Kinetic energy and momentum injection from jets peaks at z ≈ 1, while the other two sources peak at z ≈ 2. Massive stars are the dominant global source of momentum injection. For supermassive black holes, we find that the amount of kinetic energy from jets is about an order-of-magnitude larger than that from winds. We also find that the amount of kinetic energy created by massive stars is about 2.5 ε<sub>star</sub> times that carried by jets (where ε<sub>star</sub> is the fraction of injected energy not lost to radiative cooling). We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of galaxies and IGM. Because the ratio of the black hole mass to galaxy mass is a steeply increasing function of mass, we show that the relative importance of black hole feedback to stellar feedback likewise increases with mass. We show that there is a trend in the present-day universe which, in the simplest picture, is consistent with galaxies that have been dominated by black hole feedback being generally quenched, while galaxies that have been dominated by stellar feedback are star-forming. We also note that the amount of kinetic energy carried by jets and winds appears to be sufficient to explain the properties of hot gas in massive halos (>10<sup>13</sup> M<sub>ʘ</sub>).https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/11/1/21galaxy evolutiongalaxy quenchinggalactic windsgalaxy jetsradio galaxiessupermassive black holes |
| spellingShingle | Timothy M. Heckman Philip N. Best A Global Inventory of Feedback Galaxies galaxy evolution galaxy quenching galactic winds galaxy jets radio galaxies supermassive black holes |
| title | A Global Inventory of Feedback |
| title_full | A Global Inventory of Feedback |
| title_fullStr | A Global Inventory of Feedback |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Global Inventory of Feedback |
| title_short | A Global Inventory of Feedback |
| title_sort | global inventory of feedback |
| topic | galaxy evolution galaxy quenching galactic winds galaxy jets radio galaxies supermassive black holes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/11/1/21 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT timothymheckman aglobalinventoryoffeedback AT philipnbest aglobalinventoryoffeedback AT timothymheckman globalinventoryoffeedback AT philipnbest globalinventoryoffeedback |