Effects of Temperature Factors on Resistance against Pine Wood Nematodes in <i>Pinus thunbergii</i>, Based on Multiple Location Sites Nematode Inoculation Tests
Pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN) (<i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle) is a worldwide issue. Infection is considered to be promoted mainly by the increased air temperature, but it is important to investigate whether the effect of hig...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/9/922 |
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| author | Taiichi Iki Koji Matsunaga Tomonori Hirao Mineko Ohira Taro Yamanobe Masakazu G Iwaizumi Masahiro Miura Keiya Isoda Manabu Kurita Makoto Takahashi Atsushi Watanabe |
| author_facet | Taiichi Iki Koji Matsunaga Tomonori Hirao Mineko Ohira Taro Yamanobe Masakazu G Iwaizumi Masahiro Miura Keiya Isoda Manabu Kurita Makoto Takahashi Atsushi Watanabe |
| author_sort | Taiichi Iki |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN) (<i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle) is a worldwide issue. Infection is considered to be promoted mainly by the increased air temperature, but it is important to investigate whether the effect of high temperature similarly influences the different ranks of resistant clone. In the present study, we conducted PWN inoculation tests using six common open-pollinated families of resistant <i>Pinus thunbergii</i> Parl. The tests were conducted at nurseries of five test sites across Japanese archipelago between 2015 and 2017. Our analysis focused specifically on temperature. Firstly, we examined the effects of test sites, inoculation year, and their interaction on unaffected seedling rate and found that the unaffected seedling rate of all tested pine families decreased as the cumulative temperature increased. We found that the unaffected seedling rate decreased as the cumulative temperature increased for all tested pine families. In general, higher cumulative temperatures were required for having an effect on the unaffected seedling rates of higher PWN-resistant families. Typically, early cumulative temperatures, i.e., 19 days after inoculation, had the greatest effect on the unaffected seedling rates of PWN-resistant pines. However, the relationship between cumulative temperature and predicted unaffected seedling rate follow similar rate for all families. Thus, the order of resistance level is maintained in terms of the cumulative temperature required for having an effect. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:55:35Z |
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| id | doaj.art-1334e03ae26b45299242b37c4a168d71 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:55:35Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-1334e03ae26b45299242b37c4a168d712023-11-20T11:07:44ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072020-08-0111992210.3390/f11090922Effects of Temperature Factors on Resistance against Pine Wood Nematodes in <i>Pinus thunbergii</i>, Based on Multiple Location Sites Nematode Inoculation TestsTaiichi Iki0Koji Matsunaga1Tomonori Hirao2Mineko Ohira3Taro Yamanobe4Masakazu G Iwaizumi5Masahiro Miura6Keiya Isoda7Manabu Kurita8Makoto Takahashi9Atsushi Watanabe10Tohoku Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 95 Osaki, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0621, JapanKyushu Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 2320-5 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1102, JapanForest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishii, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, JapanForest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishii, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, JapanForest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishii, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, JapanKansai Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1043, Uetsukinaka, Shoo, Katsuta, Okayama 709-4335, JapanKansai Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1043, Uetsukinaka, Shoo, Katsuta, Okayama 709-4335, JapanForest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishii, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, JapanKyushu Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 2320-5 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1102, JapanForest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishii, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, JapanDepartment of Forest Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, JapanPine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN) (<i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle) is a worldwide issue. Infection is considered to be promoted mainly by the increased air temperature, but it is important to investigate whether the effect of high temperature similarly influences the different ranks of resistant clone. In the present study, we conducted PWN inoculation tests using six common open-pollinated families of resistant <i>Pinus thunbergii</i> Parl. The tests were conducted at nurseries of five test sites across Japanese archipelago between 2015 and 2017. Our analysis focused specifically on temperature. Firstly, we examined the effects of test sites, inoculation year, and their interaction on unaffected seedling rate and found that the unaffected seedling rate of all tested pine families decreased as the cumulative temperature increased. We found that the unaffected seedling rate decreased as the cumulative temperature increased for all tested pine families. In general, higher cumulative temperatures were required for having an effect on the unaffected seedling rates of higher PWN-resistant families. Typically, early cumulative temperatures, i.e., 19 days after inoculation, had the greatest effect on the unaffected seedling rates of PWN-resistant pines. However, the relationship between cumulative temperature and predicted unaffected seedling rate follow similar rate for all families. Thus, the order of resistance level is maintained in terms of the cumulative temperature required for having an effect.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/9/922pine wood diseaseresistance to pine wood nematodeinoculation testmultisitecumulative temperature<i>Pinus thunbergii</i> |
| spellingShingle | Taiichi Iki Koji Matsunaga Tomonori Hirao Mineko Ohira Taro Yamanobe Masakazu G Iwaizumi Masahiro Miura Keiya Isoda Manabu Kurita Makoto Takahashi Atsushi Watanabe Effects of Temperature Factors on Resistance against Pine Wood Nematodes in <i>Pinus thunbergii</i>, Based on Multiple Location Sites Nematode Inoculation Tests Forests pine wood disease resistance to pine wood nematode inoculation test multisite cumulative temperature <i>Pinus thunbergii</i> |
| title | Effects of Temperature Factors on Resistance against Pine Wood Nematodes in <i>Pinus thunbergii</i>, Based on Multiple Location Sites Nematode Inoculation Tests |
| title_full | Effects of Temperature Factors on Resistance against Pine Wood Nematodes in <i>Pinus thunbergii</i>, Based on Multiple Location Sites Nematode Inoculation Tests |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Temperature Factors on Resistance against Pine Wood Nematodes in <i>Pinus thunbergii</i>, Based on Multiple Location Sites Nematode Inoculation Tests |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Temperature Factors on Resistance against Pine Wood Nematodes in <i>Pinus thunbergii</i>, Based on Multiple Location Sites Nematode Inoculation Tests |
| title_short | Effects of Temperature Factors on Resistance against Pine Wood Nematodes in <i>Pinus thunbergii</i>, Based on Multiple Location Sites Nematode Inoculation Tests |
| title_sort | effects of temperature factors on resistance against pine wood nematodes in i pinus thunbergii i based on multiple location sites nematode inoculation tests |
| topic | pine wood disease resistance to pine wood nematode inoculation test multisite cumulative temperature <i>Pinus thunbergii</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/9/922 |
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