Creating a Lowland and Peatland Landscape Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from Interpolated Partial Coverage LiDAR Data for Central Kalimantan and East Sumatra, Indonesia
Coastal lowland areas support much of the world population on only a small part of its terrestrial surface. Yet these areas face rapidly increasing land surface subsidence and flooding, and are most vulnerable to future sea level rise. The accurate and up to date digital terrain models (DTMs) that a...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-05-01
|
| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1152 |
| _version_ | 1819294512672931840 |
|---|---|
| author | Ronald Vernimmen Aljosja Hooijer Angga T. Yuherdha Martijn Visser Maarten Pronk Dirk Eilander Rizka Akmalia Natan Fitranatanegara Dedi Mulyadi Heri Andreas James Ouellette Warwick Hadley |
| author_facet | Ronald Vernimmen Aljosja Hooijer Angga T. Yuherdha Martijn Visser Maarten Pronk Dirk Eilander Rizka Akmalia Natan Fitranatanegara Dedi Mulyadi Heri Andreas James Ouellette Warwick Hadley |
| author_sort | Ronald Vernimmen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Coastal lowland areas support much of the world population on only a small part of its terrestrial surface. Yet these areas face rapidly increasing land surface subsidence and flooding, and are most vulnerable to future sea level rise. The accurate and up to date digital terrain models (DTMs) that are required to predict and manage such risks are absent in many of the areas affected, especially in regions where populations are least developed economically and may be least resilient to such changes. Airborne LiDAR is widely seen as the most accurate data type for elevation mapping but can be prohibitively expensive, as are detailed field surveys across a broad geographic scale. We present an economical method that utilizes airborne LiDAR data along parallel flight lines (‘strips’) covering between 10% and 35% of the land depending on terrain characteristics, and manual interpolation. We present results for lowland areas in Central Kalimantan and East Sumatra (Indonesia), for which no accurate DTM currently exists. The study areas are covered with forest, plantations and agricultural land, on mineral soils and peatlands. The method is shown to yield DTM differences within 0.5 m, relative to full coverage LiDAR data, for 87.7–96.4% of the land surface in a range of conditions in 15 validation areas, and within 1.0 m for 99.3% of the area overall. After testing, the method was then applied to the entire eastern coastal zone of Sumatra, yielding a DTM at 100 m spatial resolution covering 7.1 Mha of lowland area from 1.45 Mha of effective LiDAR coverage. The DTM shows that 36.3%, or 2.6 Mha, of this area is below 2 m +MSL and, therefore, at risk of flooding in the near future as sea level rise continues. This DTM product is available for use in flood risk mapping, peatland mapping and other applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-24T04:27:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1337d61fbbb547dcb7d182bd24b7401c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T04:27:30Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-1337d61fbbb547dcb7d182bd24b7401c2022-12-21T17:15:32ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922019-05-011110115210.3390/rs11101152rs11101152Creating a Lowland and Peatland Landscape Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from Interpolated Partial Coverage LiDAR Data for Central Kalimantan and East Sumatra, IndonesiaRonald Vernimmen0Aljosja Hooijer1Angga T. Yuherdha2Martijn Visser3Maarten Pronk4Dirk Eilander5Rizka Akmalia6Natan Fitranatanegara7Dedi Mulyadi8Heri Andreas9James Ouellette10Warwick Hadley11Deltares, Inland Water Systems Unit, P.O. Box 177, Delft 2600 MH, The NetherlandsDeltares, Inland Water Systems Unit, P.O. Box 177, Delft 2600 MH, The NetherlandsDeltares, Inland Water Systems Unit, P.O. Box 177, Delft 2600 MH, The NetherlandsDeltares, Inland Water Systems Unit, P.O. Box 177, Delft 2600 MH, The NetherlandsDeltares, Inland Water Systems Unit, P.O. Box 177, Delft 2600 MH, The NetherlandsDeltares, Inland Water Systems Unit, P.O. Box 177, Delft 2600 MH, The NetherlandsDeltares, Inland Water Systems Unit, P.O. Box 177, Delft 2600 MH, The NetherlandsDeltares, Inland Water Systems Unit, P.O. Box 177, Delft 2600 MH, The NetherlandsDeltares, Inland Water Systems Unit, P.O. Box 177, Delft 2600 MH, The NetherlandsGeodesy Research Group, Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, IndonesiaPT Surtech Prima, Jl. Ampera Raya No 5, Jakarta 12560, IndonesiaPT Surtech Prima, Jl. Ampera Raya No 5, Jakarta 12560, IndonesiaCoastal lowland areas support much of the world population on only a small part of its terrestrial surface. Yet these areas face rapidly increasing land surface subsidence and flooding, and are most vulnerable to future sea level rise. The accurate and up to date digital terrain models (DTMs) that are required to predict and manage such risks are absent in many of the areas affected, especially in regions where populations are least developed economically and may be least resilient to such changes. Airborne LiDAR is widely seen as the most accurate data type for elevation mapping but can be prohibitively expensive, as are detailed field surveys across a broad geographic scale. We present an economical method that utilizes airborne LiDAR data along parallel flight lines (‘strips’) covering between 10% and 35% of the land depending on terrain characteristics, and manual interpolation. We present results for lowland areas in Central Kalimantan and East Sumatra (Indonesia), for which no accurate DTM currently exists. The study areas are covered with forest, plantations and agricultural land, on mineral soils and peatlands. The method is shown to yield DTM differences within 0.5 m, relative to full coverage LiDAR data, for 87.7–96.4% of the land surface in a range of conditions in 15 validation areas, and within 1.0 m for 99.3% of the area overall. After testing, the method was then applied to the entire eastern coastal zone of Sumatra, yielding a DTM at 100 m spatial resolution covering 7.1 Mha of lowland area from 1.45 Mha of effective LiDAR coverage. The DTM shows that 36.3%, or 2.6 Mha, of this area is below 2 m +MSL and, therefore, at risk of flooding in the near future as sea level rise continues. This DTM product is available for use in flood risk mapping, peatland mapping and other applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1152LiDARDTMlowlandpeatlandCentral KalimantanEast SumatraIndonesia |
| spellingShingle | Ronald Vernimmen Aljosja Hooijer Angga T. Yuherdha Martijn Visser Maarten Pronk Dirk Eilander Rizka Akmalia Natan Fitranatanegara Dedi Mulyadi Heri Andreas James Ouellette Warwick Hadley Creating a Lowland and Peatland Landscape Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from Interpolated Partial Coverage LiDAR Data for Central Kalimantan and East Sumatra, Indonesia Remote Sensing LiDAR DTM lowland peatland Central Kalimantan East Sumatra Indonesia |
| title | Creating a Lowland and Peatland Landscape Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from Interpolated Partial Coverage LiDAR Data for Central Kalimantan and East Sumatra, Indonesia |
| title_full | Creating a Lowland and Peatland Landscape Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from Interpolated Partial Coverage LiDAR Data for Central Kalimantan and East Sumatra, Indonesia |
| title_fullStr | Creating a Lowland and Peatland Landscape Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from Interpolated Partial Coverage LiDAR Data for Central Kalimantan and East Sumatra, Indonesia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Creating a Lowland and Peatland Landscape Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from Interpolated Partial Coverage LiDAR Data for Central Kalimantan and East Sumatra, Indonesia |
| title_short | Creating a Lowland and Peatland Landscape Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from Interpolated Partial Coverage LiDAR Data for Central Kalimantan and East Sumatra, Indonesia |
| title_sort | creating a lowland and peatland landscape digital terrain model dtm from interpolated partial coverage lidar data for central kalimantan and east sumatra indonesia |
| topic | LiDAR DTM lowland peatland Central Kalimantan East Sumatra Indonesia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1152 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ronaldvernimmen creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT aljosjahooijer creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT anggatyuherdha creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT martijnvisser creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT maartenpronk creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT dirkeilander creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT rizkaakmalia creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT natanfitranatanegara creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT dedimulyadi creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT heriandreas creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT jamesouellette creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia AT warwickhadley creatingalowlandandpeatlandlandscapedigitalterrainmodeldtmfrominterpolatedpartialcoveragelidardataforcentralkalimantanandeastsumatraindonesia |